Leading Group Challenges Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading Group Challenges Paper - Essay Example There have been a significant number of literatures covering the nature, theories and applications of leadership and its effect to job performance and satisfaction. The diverse patterns of behavior and actions that leaders exhibit over a period of time and perceived by followers have been identified as the dominant style of leadership. This style is developed utilizing an interplay of factors which shape leadership development. In this regard, the essay is written to proffer challenges of leading groups in a criminal justice organization. Particularly, a description of the challenges currently faced by criminal justice leaders would be included in the discourse; as well as predictions of the challenges that will be faced over the next 5 years. Leadership is the process of influencing people to work or act towards the attainment of specifically defined goals (Martires & Fule 2000: 569). â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northouse, 2004). Authors Lussier & Achua (2004) define leadership as â€Å"the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through changes†. And Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn (2008, 243) state leadership as â€Å"the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives†. All authors share the same conviction who perceived leadership as a process of influencing others. Further, all authors conform to the following factors as relevant components of the leadership process: (1) influencing people; (2) towards the achievement of a goal. There is the component of influence by exerting the ability to develop and communicate that vision to a group of people who would make that vision come true. According to McKinney (2008, par. 1),

No name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No name - Essay Example This means that these elements have to be shared by all the members of society, and when in short supply can lead to scarcity. Within this â€Å"economic pie† is the element of resources, which can be divided into its three components of natural resources, people, and capital. It is the people that convert the natural resources in an economy into products, while capital provides the means to do so. However, all these resources are limited providing the defining finite aspect of resources. The limitation of these resources and through that the production acts as a limiting factor on the wealth of a nation. That is the why the term Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is of such importance in the economics of a nation. More importantly lowering of production also leads to scarcity in income, which can cause poor distribution of resources, whereby the individuals with better wealth or power have better access to resources than the economically disadvantaged and the needy. Economic growth reduces scarcity. However, for economic growth, the right economic policies to make proper use of economic resources have to be put in place. In the absence of economic growth, scarcity looms larger, reducing the â€Å"economic pie† and the availability of economic resources appropriately among members of

Literature as a Form of Art and Expression

Literature as a Form of Art and Expression INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to examine literary creativity within the context that views all sides of the coin. This being said general and broad assumptions could be made about literary art and creative thought separately. These are concepts within society, which are explored, as it is human nature to understand human behaviour and the products of such behaviour. Literature and creativity are entirely in the eye of the beholder and subjective with in a set frame of reference. Unfortunately we live in a world where creativity and art are not always valuable strengths and commodities. Within the philosophical framework, people who are labelled artistically creative from the conservative viewpoint, they are not understood, often seen unstable and unproductive members of society. From this conservative viewpoint, creative people do not use the logical part of his or her brain and this leads to difficulty seeing the enlightened view where the self is valued as a freethinking body. There is flexibility for exploring one’s ideas and dreams. Artists have often been called dreamers. Artistic people live by a different credo, sometimes starving but always determined to stay true to his or her art form. Once again because society has difficulty valuing art and creativity; artists live with the conflict of expectation; what society expects and what the artist’s need to remain true. While the purpose of this paper is to examine the nature literary creativity for the sake of expression, it is also important to compare and contrast two English language texts to show how they are similar and different in terms of creativity. The two chosen works were: (1) Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday and (2) Robert K. Kennedy’s speech paying tribute to Martin Luther King Junior upon his assassination. With this in mind because of such a stark difference in content of the juxtaposition, it can also be argued that while both exhibit social identity to the time and a certain amount thoughtfulness with word selection and placement for creating moving pieces, one will stand alone as more literary and creative. Both are powerful in creating a vision and paying homage to a great American but Happy Birthday exhibits more creative traits than the speech. Still it should be mentioned that any rating of creativity is subjective and in the eye of the beholder and their distinct ive taste. For this purpose, Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday has more literary style, true to one’s idea toward poetry and expressionism. It fits the cultural norm more than a speech mainly because a speech is in the moment and while powerful, visionary can never recapture that moment in time the same way a song can. This brings up the notion of interpretation. Modern times ask for art, literary or otherwise to stand up to a test of many truths. It asks for man to apply the action of interpretation, analysis that in of it self has many drawbacks. Susan Sontag writes, â€Å"Interpretation is not (as most people assume) an absolute value, a gesture of mind situated in some timeless realm of capabilities. Interpretation must itself be evaluated, within a historical view of human consciousness.†[1] Still society’s view is slowly changing to include flexibility of multicultural understanding. Suddenly artists have a valued identity. Mark Freeman discusses the nature of understanding one’s muse with knowing one’s character with this quote: Rather than there simply existing those who paint or sculpt†¦alongside the other productive activities with human beings might become engaged, there arose ‘painters’ and ‘sculptors’, who came to define their very existence through their identities†¦Creative activities would be woven into the fabric of life itself. [2] The paragraphs below serve to define creativity within the frame of reference of modern times and the age of enlightenment lends to the self-actualising open-mindedness and freedom to embrace creative thought. With this in place, literary art and creativity can result and thrive within the model context. CREATIVITY At the bare bones level of literary creativity, one finds inspiration in words and sounds inherent in how at the fundamental level these connections offer a richness and duality of meaning. These meanings are enhanced by simple creative choices made by the writer or artist. It has been discussed how change is important and also memory, not only of a collective socio-cultural history and consciousness, but also of how the creative process is fostered at the root of words. This is Maybin’s inherency model where the key focus remains on words. This essay strives for deeper analysis at the socio-cultural level where history suggests impact and resonates across the many divisions found within the global multi-culture of modern times.[3] Numerous definitions of creativity are recorded in the literature. Creativity is often defined by use of synonyms. These include productive thinking, divergent thinking, originality, imagination, and lateral thinking. Because there is no generally accepted definition of creativity, it would be helpful to look at some definitions to date. Creativity is defined as â€Å"the association of thoughts, facts, ideas, etc. into a new and relevant configuration, one that has meaning beyond the sum of its parts—that provides a synergistic effect.†[4] Bennis and Beiderman define the creative process as â€Å"that mental process in which past experience is combined and recombined, frequently with some distortion, in such a fashion that one comes up with new patterns, new configurations, that better solve some need of mankind.†[5] Although this sampling of definitions reveals diverse elements found in creativity, these definitions do suggest some common thread found in creati ve thinking and that is, a new way of doing things. From this overview standpoint, one can define creativity as a process that solves a problem in a new and original way that is useful for those who value this process. It should be noted that the elements of uniqueness of solution and value of results are incorporated into the definition. Creativity experts feel that especially the American educational system should be teaching constructive, creative-thinking skills; focusing on â€Å"what can be.† It is the notion of possibility that remains to be seen. They believe what is needed is a whole change of attitude toward creativity in general. It is a matter of thinking differently and of seeing outside the box. For so long, there have been restrictions due to such philosophical concepts of what is. While art is subjective, this scares people because it evokes a feeling of uncertainty. Many find if something can be touched, seen and looks what they expect then it is acceptable. This concept does not allow for the realm of endless possibility. Still there has been a shift in thinking differently about â€Å"what is† because this can vary from person to person and culture to culture. The world is changing quickly because its borders are invisible, information flows freely. Therefore ideas are no longer linear but branch off with each new thought. It should also be noted that creativity is not limited to â€Å"the arts† as traditionalists may see it. No art can be found in mathematics, science and the simple act of washing dishes. This once again expresses the enlightened view that the self is aware and finds beauty in nature. Still this notion may bother many because they do not see the potential of art as a â€Å"what is† but as â€Å"it just is.† They are not able to see past the surface to the inner meaning or soul behind the expression. They may not even be aware of the act of expression and how creativity feeds into the energy of art. The limitless possibility of embracing creativity as a regular everyday process probably comes from the multiple definitions that creativity morphs into much like a prism seen in different degrees of light. From the literary works at hand written by Stevie Wonder and Robert F. Kennedy, it is the creativity energy of the time and its scope that not only define the levels of the works’ literary qualities but also the scope, the actual use of words to convey powerful messages. Carter’s work explains how most common people chose to see and understand literature when exposed to an artist’s process. Examples of such by the outsider can be seen as the following: â€Å"Unanswered questions, hesitations and false starts which characterise informal conversations†¦there is much divergence, disconnection and incoherence.†[6] CREATIVE ARTISTIC FLOW The artistic process relies upon creativity within this direct relationship. It has not helped that creative people have been invisible, living a lifestyle motivated by fulfilling the need for expression of the self. What makes creative people different from others is that they do not buy in into the typical means of motivation. Many different factors motivate people to behave the way they do. There are higher and lower order needs that balance out these acts of motivation. Lower order needs must be satisfied before the higher order needs can be addressed. This is within the conservative view loosing based on Maslow’s theory.[7] Lower order needs are such things as essential items needed for life like shelter, food and clothing. These needs do not recognise needs beyond the means of survival. The higher order needs are considered luxury needs but in the mind of the creative person, needs are of an eternal notion. They cannot see this need but it is engrained in the soul and mu st be addressed. Creative people have the ability to simply live for what they enjoy. The act of creativity involves a sense of adventure, a suspending disbelief to use one’s imagination for the purpose of seeing solutions. Brainstorming serves, as a method where ideas bubble over in every direction and no longer is the thought process linear but endless in possibility. In this respect anyone with an open mind can be creative as Csikszentmihalyi writes, â€Å"it seems strange that dancers, rock climbers, and composers all argue that their most enjoyable experiences resemble a process of discovery.†[8] The concept of enjoyment plays a huge factor in creativity because of a dual mechanism found within the human genes. This duality is inherent within humans to seek comfort with reference to more primitive times of flight or fight. There is the need to conserve energy written in the DNA. Understanding the concept of enjoyment ties in with this mechanism because people find different ways to relax and seek comfort in new experiences. The interesting element is people will allow for challenges as long as these events or flow experiences remain consistent regardless of activity.[9] Without enjoyment acting as a fulfilling element, creativity would just be another job without the thrill. It would be mundane. Without creativity and people â€Å"discovering new ways of being and doing, there is no evolution of culture, no progress in thought or feeling.†[10] Unfortunately the conservative view has a difficult time accepting an illogical response as a purpose or goal in life. The emotion involved in creating art seems foreign to them mainly because they have a difficult time seeing beyond the physical properties of the artwork. Carey surmises the above quandary with the following, Equally you might say that the question ‘What is a work of art?’ could not have been asked before the late 18th century because until then no works of art existed. I do not mean that objects we now regard as works of art did not exist before that date†¦Of course they did†¦Most pre-industrial societies did not even have a word for art as an independent concept. [11] The concept of literary art and therefore, creativity is a completely modern ideology. Art existed and was important but the level of understanding did not extend that far within society. It may be a fair assumption that modern influences like war, industrialization or advent of technologies, changing familial lifestyles have all changes the concept of art. As a result of the pressures modern times present people seek comfort in forms of art like literature, film, theatre, and museums. For those expressing themselves creatively, this is also a time of utilizing these influences intertextually within his or her mediums. As a result you see common themes and subject matter as well as reinventing the same idea over and over. At times the conservative view will see literature and art as shocking but really it is just evolving with the times and artists are seeking to push the envelope to noticed for hard work. Carey furthers the argument of subjectivity by writing, â€Å"When we say a t hing is beautiful for us. It is of personal taste.†[12] In today’s world personal taste could mean anything to anyone and change depending on the moment. This concept of personal taste must remain open and flexible to influencing outside forces in order to reflect an evolving multicultural environment. Overall, creativity experts call for a change in attitude toward creativity if people are going to reap the benefits from available global markets, available capital, personnel effectiveness, and business competence. Success in global markets is going to need a baseline of competence on which to build. This is related to the development of new ideas and concepts that emanates from serious creative thinking. As noted above, the concept of negativity, which can be interpreted as conservatism and complacency, is the biggest enemy of creativity. To think that an educator is doing well or is creative enough is fatal in the long run. One must constantly push the envelope and stand one step ahead of the game. ANALYSIS OF LITERARY WORKS It has been explored that literary creativity remains in the mind of the reader and his or her subjective personal taste. One can attribute certain literary traits to creative works as quantifiable measures toward discussion of what makes one work more literary and creative than another. If one defines such actions by words and sounds, using more of a Maybin framework where choice and placement of words comes into play. It is how these words form the content, the hidden power and meaning behind the action in the first place that remains at defining literary concepts. While each literary work analysed for this essay; Steve Wonder’s Happy Birthday and Robert F. Kennedy’s Martin Luther King Junior Speech have qualities that standout as literary and hold one’s inspiration; it is Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday that remains literally true to the literary form of poetry. His song is modern day poetry with its words and sounds forming a tribute and vision. It is not to say that Robert F. Kennedy’s speech written on the day of Martin Luther King Junior’s assassination is not literature or powerful in nature. It is meant to stir a nation’s consciousness. It does hold power over the American thought process and still remains and important document as an example of America’s turbulent 1960s. This document served to continue a process toward equality for all men and women and remains a pinnacle defining moment in history. Still it is the actual format of a speech that throws people off of it being a piece of literature. Most people would not consider a speech as literature but more of a document, an embodiment of that moment in time. It is in a sense non-fiction, rich in historical content. It displays tools of literary honing. The speech is stoic, powerfully written, simply written without much use of imagery or symbolism. It is very much unlike the works of Martin Luther King Junior and in fact on the other end of spectrum. Robert F. Kennedy’s speech was meant to capture a nation in mourning, not only for the man but also for his dream. What it does do effectively is paint a picture of the existing colour divisions still found in American culture today. Robert F. Kennedy uses a literary device of superimposing an actual piece of classical literature within the body of his speech. What this does is bring light to the fact that a classical poem still has the power to resonate feeling despite being centuries old. The poem’s meaning can still provoke thoughts and offer comfort. The Aeschylus poem allows for a broader scope to the present moment, which will later be an historical turning point for the Civil Rights Movement. It adds depth to a speech that seems solemn and one-dimensional, somewhat lacking inspiration until that point. Kennedy’s speech does not rely upon other literary devices but uses simple words, reflecting the moment precisely. Use of the Aeschylus poem allows the American consciousness even today to see how humanity remains unchanged even during times of great uncertainty. It documents accurately the idea of man’s resistance to change. This literary device is clever and serves to strengthen this underlying feeling of loss and uncertainty. The speech seeps into the backbone of society morals and values but it does not create a piece of literature, not in tone or based upon other literary traits. The speech is more of a commentary, a snippet into a sad period for the American people. Still what the speech does do effectively is allow Robert F. Kennedy to lead the people in feeling sad and hope at the same time. It brings him down off of the pedestal many politicians reside upon and allows him to be among the people. This reflects his inherent qualities as a leader and is what would have made him an excellent president. What really remains effective for both pieces is how they each capture a sense of history without truly making it obvious. Both pieces pay homage to a man who sought a dream for all people. Though the homage is clear so is the essence of the times or the interpretation of what the Civil Rights Movement represented. What makes this notion more pertinent is the fact that Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday was written in 1980, long after the Civil Rights Movement ended. It is still ingrained in the American collective culture. Both works take into account the impact this period had, not only the man but also on further reaching social issues on how his dream meant change. Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday is a more literary work because it is written an acceptable form of expression for the modern audience. The song allows people to relate with the words because the form is identifiable by most people. Music represents soul, celebration and a pulse of the people just found inherently within its composition. Songs are something people understand and will listen to over and over. The literary creativity of this song gets down to the bare bones of words and how words work together to create a vision, a feeling. Words work to reflect tone, imagery and hope. The song remains a living celebration of Martin Luther King Junior’s work, dream and life but also as a reminder of how far humanity has come in a few short years. The very fact that Stevie Wonder is a black man and has the right for expression in a public arena is proof enough and very telling. Still it reflects a certain amount of sadness over the fact that this song is just now being writ ten, that society still has colour divide. Stevie Wonder writes as the last verse of the song: In full remembrance Of those who lived and died for the oneness of all people.[13] This should be more of a question because even today even almost thirty years later there is not oneness within American culture. This speaks of the work yet to be done and is mirrored by his word choices. How the words flow together create an impact for the song and the listener. On the backbone of celebration, there is even disbelief that a song for Martin Luther King Junior has not been written before. Stevie Wonder believes it should not even be a big deal but still this remains a reflection of the value system still inherent in American culture. With lines 1-4, he writes, You know it doesn’t make much sense There ought to be a law against Anyone who takes offense At a day in your celebration[14] What is most eloquent here is the use of rhyme that is set up as discrete and not so obvious but also the nature of musical expression. This device continues toward a more literary tactic to set up this work as more creative than the speech. It is the lyrical nature of music that allows imagery to be embedded in a way that multidimensional meanings appear. The song’s meaning may be different each time for the same person but definitely different for each individual. The fact that the song can be heard again and again continues this impact upon society. It resonates still today the dream but also carries into how the dream continues to change the minds of many through such literary works. CONCLUSION In closing the above paragraphs have explored the concept that literary art and creativity as artistic are in a direct relationship when it comes to their roles in society as a means of expression. The notion of literature and art is a modern invention born out of the human necessity to find comfort in his or her surroundings. The means of expression vary greatly but also act as a means of self-discovery for those who experience creative flow. One does not have to be an artist in the traditional sense of the word to experience this action but only open to creativity as a valid behaviour. This shift toward acceptance of creativity is borne out of an evolving cultural need that must be reflective of multiple view and cultures. Still there is resistance to change and many people still see artistic and literary creativity as illogical and emotional. The conservative view offers a rather flat and grey vision of literary art and creativity, not seeing the full potential for self-exploratio n. END NOTES Bennis, W Biederman, P (1997) Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA Carey, J (2005) What Good Are The Arts? Faber and Faber, London Carter, R (2004) Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk Routledge, London Csikszentmihalyi, M (Unknown?) Creativity: Flow and Psychology of Discovery and Invention Harper Perennial, Macquarie University Library. Freeman, M (1993) Finding The Muse: A Sociopsychological Inquiry into the Conditions of Artistic Creativity Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Goodman, S O’Halloran, K (Eds.) (2006) The Art of English: Literary Creativity, Palgrave MacMillan, The Open University. Kennedy, RF (1968) Robert F Kennedy on the Death of Martin Luther King, speech, Indianapolis viewed 5 September 2008 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches.rfk.htm Maybin, J (2006) Writing the self in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity The Open University, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, p. 261-311 Maybin, J (2006) Locating creativity in texts and practices in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 413-455 Mish, F (Ed.) (2004) Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Springfield, MA Robbins, S (2001) Organizational Behavior Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Sontag, S (1964) Against Interpretation Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York Swann, J (2006) The art of the everyday in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 3-53 Wonder, S (1980) Happy Birthday on Hotter Than July Motown, Detroit. 1 Footnotes [1] Sontag, S (1964) p. 3 [2] Freeman, M (1993) p. 37 [3] Maybin, J (2006) p. 415 [4] Mish, F (2004) p. 293 [5] Bennis, W Biederman, P (1997) p. 15 [6] Carter, R (2004) p. 101 [7] Robbins, S (2001) p. 156 [8] Csikszentmihalyi, M (Unknown) p. 108 [9] Csikszentmihalyi, M (ibid) p. 110 [10] Csikszentmihalyi, M (ibid) p. 110 [11] Carey, J (2005) p. 7 [12] Carey, J (ibid) p. 9 [13] Wonder, S (1980) lines 33-35 [14] Wonder, S (ibid) line 1-4

Rahzel :: History

Rahzel Rahzel M. Brown was born in Queens, New York and recalls that â€Å"not having† was never an excuse for â€Å"not doing†. Just as in its most organic state the essence of hip hop is ‘making something out of nothing,’ Rahzel learned how to feed his need to be creative. â€Å"We didn’t have the turntables inside the locker room and we couldn’t bring our boom box in there. Either we were banging on the locker, or somebody was (making music) with their mouth. I was the one who made the beats with my mouth. I worked hard so that if you closed your eyes you would swear that you were hearing a record, a radio, or a band.† Over time, Rahzel’s own gifts for vocal percussion led him to seek his own career as an artist. Others, like Biz Markie, Doug E. Fresh, and the Fat Boys’ Buffy had made strides in the form, but Rahzel possessed a talent so great, he was soon recognized up and down the east coast as the premiere human beat box ar tist. He already had a thriving solo career when The Roots asked him to join their group. â€Å"Being with The Roots enhanced what I was doing even more,† says Rahzel. â€Å"We’re colleagues, and we have tremendous respect for each other. They respect my history, I respect theirs.† He is undeniably the best beat boxer living on in this world today. As a kid he went to Grandmaster Flash's shows regularly, absorbing everything he saw and heard. Grandmaster Flash is another famous beat boxer that took the world by storm in every concert that he did. Rahzel grew up to live with beat boxing and used to be a roadie for the Ultramagnetic MCs. He later joined the Roots after guest staring on one of their early albums that sold million of copies world wide and became famous for there vocal and beat technique at the same time. This means that Rahzel and the group he was with would sing together and at the exact same time would come up with beats which sounded like a full band with drums, base, piano, and vocal. But Rahzel can sing a chorus and provide the back up beat simultaneously better then anybody in that group could. Rahzel doesn’t only beat box but He can also impersonate a number of rappers and singers. For instance he has this song called â€Å"if your m other only knew† and in that performance he did in front of hundreds and thousands of Americans in Louisiana, he impersonated his aunty when she caught him and his girl friend at that time making out.

How Can Global Thinking Support You?

How can Global Thinking support you? Inform The Global Thinking team offers fresh perspectives on learning from our long experience in diverse local and global contexts. Inspire We provide advice and training, resources and research to bring insight, challenge perceptions and enable creative thinking for 21st Century learning. Innovate We work in partnership with clients and education specialists on practical and innovative approaches for differing teaching and learning needs. Global Thinking provides inspiration and innovation in global learning.Our specialist team provides training and consultancy to educators who enable young people to shape their futures in a fair and sustainable world. Education The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by  Stuart Grauer  in his 1989 University of San Diego publication, Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community. In this publication it was attribed to  Harlan Cleveland. 15]  It is said that this term was used by German-American  sociologist  Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy[citation needed]  in the 1950s or earlier, prior to the formation of the  United Nations Organization. It is not only corporations that are acknowledging the importance of environmental issues, but also the education system. Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching. Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world.Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old. It is students who are our future, therefore understanding the concept of â€Å"think globally, act locally† is fundamental to our future. [16] Definition â€Å"Think globally, act locally†Ã‚  urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communitie s and cities. Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them.These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts. They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers. â€Å"Think Globally, Act Locally† originally began at the grassroots level, however, it is now a global concept with high importance. It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration. It is corporations, government officials, education system, and local communities. It is now extremely important to consider global markets and communities when doing business.Global markets and large corporations have one of the largest impacts on the environment, it is their influence and actions that are vital to the survival of our planet. Large corporations have the most impact on the environment, therefore â€Å"thinking globally and acting locally† can make a major dif ference in the survival of our planet. Warren Heaps states â€Å"it's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world, and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture†. 1] About the Department The Faculty of Arts and Letters is an institution of learning geared towards the development and fulfillment of the total person, the Universal Man, focusing on the Arts and the Humanities, mainly, and spreading out to include the sciences, social and natural, guided by Christian faith and avowed Thomasian ideals and the highest social, national, international and even global standards and objectives.The envisioned goal is the Colege's turning out not only of learned but wisened individuals who, motivated by the highest standards of excellence, excel in their chosen fields, eventually becoming role models in society, potential leaders and achievers of the country, all in the spirit no t only of personal but also social and more importantly, spiritual commitment. The Faculty's goals and objectives are: An ideal confluence of mind, heart and spirit, in the service of the total rounded man.Expertise in one's own chosen field and an adequate spreading out of interests, skils, concerns, in other, fields, allied of otherwise. An enhanced and enriched cultural background including a sense of history and tradition while being abreast with the modern technology of a network world. Ample exposure to and immersion in research as well as creative and critical endeavors. Sympathy and concern for the socially needy and handicapped through consistent efforts and interst in community service.Constant cultivation and preservation of Philippine values at the same time cognizant of what are timeless and universal. History The liberal arts and philosophy had been taught in the University of Santo Tomas since its foundation in 1611. The Faculty of Philosophy and Letters was establish ed in 1896 and the College of Liberal Arts in 1926. In 1964, however these two colleges were merged and given the general name of Faculty of Arts and Letters. Courses offered then were Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Literature, and Bachelor of Philosophy.In the course of time, new majors were offered. In the academic year 1971 to 1972, the Faculty started to offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Asian Studies, Behavioral Science (which evolved form the originally offered LiA-Com), Communication Arts, Economics, Journalism, Literature, Philosophy,Political Science, Sociology, and Translation(which was eventually phased out). In 1994, another major, Legal Management, was created to serve the relevant needs of students who intend to go to law after graduation.And so, presently, ten majors are offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters to wit; Asian Studies, Behavioral Science, Communication Arts, Economics, Jouranlism, Literature, Legal Management, Political Science, Philosophy, and S ociology. Common courses offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters are designed to develop the minds and sensibilities of the students and to inculcate in them human values and the appreciation of the country's cultural heritage in the light of Christian faith and tradition.Furthermore, they intend to provide the students with the necessary background for them to develop into informed, responsible, and concerned rounded citizens of this country, guided by the mission-vision not only of the College but more importantly, of the University of Santo Tomas. â€Å"Mga Uri Ng Pagsulat†Ã‚  StudyMode. com. 01 2011. 01 2011 .

Gsm Call Flow

GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Station User Mobile Mobile Network Base Stations NSS BSS MSC VLR Fixed Network PSTN PSTN EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 1) LEG: GSM Mobile Originated Call This sequence diagram was generated with EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 (http://www. EventHelix. com/EventStudio). Copyright  © 2008 EventHelix. com Inc. All Rights Reserved. The EventStudio source files for this document can be downloaded from http://www. eventhelix. com/call-flow/gsm-call-setup. zip. This scenario describes the call setup for a GSM originating call.A mobile user calling a land line subscriber is covered here. Copyright  © 2000-2008 EventHelix. com Inc. All Rights Reserved. The user keys in the phone number for the landline subscriber and .. .. presses the Send button Dial the called person's number Send Button Begin RR Connection Establishment Call related information needs to be transported from the mobile phone to the Mobile Switchin g Center (MSC). This requires the establishment of a Radio Resource (RR) connection to MSC. The first phase of the call setup just sets up this RR connection. RR CHANNEL REQUEST RACH RR connection establishment is triggered by sending the ChannelRequest message. This message requests the Base Station System (BSS) for allocation for radio resources for the RR connection setup. The mobile now waits for an assignment on the Access Grant Channel (AGCH). At this point the mobile is listening to the AGCH for a reply. Note: The RR CHANNEL REQUEST is sent on a Random Access Channel (RACH). This is a slotted aloha channel that can be used at random, without any coordination between the mobiles. Any mobile can transmit on this channel whenever it wishes. If two mobiles transmit on the channel at the same time, their messages will be lost in a collision.The mobiles will detect the collision via a timeout and retransmit the message after a random back off. allocate TCH RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT A GCH, Radio_Resource = (TCH, Frequency, Timeslot), Time Correction, Frequency Correction Apply the time and frequency corrections Tune to the frequency and timeslot RR SABM + MM CM SERVICE REQUEST TCH, SAPI = 0 The BSS allocates a Traffic Channel (TCH) to the mobile. The TCH allocation assigns a specifies a frequency and a timeslot on that frequency. After the mobile receives this message, the mobile shall only use the specified resources for communication with the mobile network.The BSS transmits the radio resource assignment to the Mobile via the AGCH channel. The message also contains the time and frequency corrections. The time corrections allow the mobile to time it's transmissions so that they reach the BSS only in the specified slot. The frequency corrections correct for the Doppler shift caused by the mobile's motion. Adjust the frequency and timing based on the advice from the BSS. This step is required so that transmissions from the mobile reach the base station at the prec ise time and with the correct frequency. The mobile detunes from the AGCH and tunes to the specified radio channel.This is the first message that is sent after tuning to the channel. The Mobile initiates a LAPm connection with the BSC by sending a Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM) message. The service request message meant for the MSC is also sent in this message. GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Network Mobile Station Base Stations NSS User Mobile BSS MSC VLR RR UA Fixed Network PSTN PSTN TCH, SAPI = 0 SCCP CONNECTION REQUEST + MM CM SERVICE REQUEST SS7 Check subscriber authentication EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 2) The BSS replies with Unnumbered Acknowledge (UA) to complete theLAPm setup handshake The BSS receives the CM Service Request message from the mobile and forms a â€Å"BSSMAP COMPLETE LAYER 3 INFORMATION†. The BSS then piggy backs the message on the SCCP connection request message. LEG: Skip Authentication Procedure MS C checks if the subscriber has been authenticated. In this case, the subscriber has already been authenticated, so the authentication procedure is skipped. Enable Ciphering BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMMAND Expect ciphered data from the mobile RR CIPHERING MODE COMMAND mode = CLEAR Enable ciphering for received and transmitted data RR CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE mode = CIPHEREDEnable ciphering of data transmitted to the mobile BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMPLETE Since the subscriber has been successfully authenticated, the MSC initiates ciphering of the data being sent on the channel. The channel is ciphered so as so protect the call from eavesdropping. Ciphering on the radio link is enabled in three steps. As a first step, the BSS starts expecting ciphered data from the mobile but continues to send data in clear. Since the mobile has not been informed about the ciphering, all data received from the mobile will be in error. The BSS sends the CIPHERING MODE COMMAND to the mobile. The mobile ill be able to receive this message as the transmission from the BSS is still in clear. As a second step, the Mobile receives the message and enables ciphering in transmit and receive directions. This action will result in all BSS data being received in error. (The BSS is still transmitting data in clear. ) Ciphering has already been enabled, so this message is transmitted with ciphering. The BSS will receive this message as it is already expecting ciphered data in the receive direction. The third and final step in the ciphering handshake. The BSS enables the ciphering in transmit direction. From this oint on ciphering is enabled in both directions. BSS replies back to the MSC, indicating that ciphering has been successfully enabled. RR Connection Establishment Completed At this point a connection has been setup between the Mobile and the MSC. From this point onward, the BSS is just acting as a conduit for transporting the signaling messages between the Mobile and the MSC. Call Setup CC SETUP Dialed Digits The Mobile sends the setup message to establish a voice call. The message contains the dialed digits and other information needed for call GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile StationUser Mobile Mobile Network Base Stations NSS BSS MSC VLR Fixed Network PSTN PSTN EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 3) establishment. The mobile is informed that the call setup is in progress. At this point, the mobile phone displays a message on the screen to indicate that call setup is being attempted. CC CALL PROCEEDING Connecting†¦ Mode Modify allocate Voice circuit towards BSS BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT REQUEST Voice circuit RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY ACKNOWLEDGE BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE The BSS responds back to the MSC. ISUP INITIAL ADDRESS MESSAGE SS7, Dialed DigitsCC ALERTING The MSC allocates a voice circuit on one the digital trunks between the MSC and the BSS. MSC informs the BSS about the allocated voice circuit. The call is also switched from signaling to voice. The BSS notifies the Mobile about the changeover to voice mode. Mobile acknowledges. The MSC routes the call and sends the call towards the called subscriber ISUP ADDRESS COMPLETE MESSAGE The PSTN indicates to the MSC that it has received all the digits and the called SS7 subscriber is being rung. The MSC informs the mobile that the called subscriber is being alerted via a ring Alerting Tone ISUP ANSWERThe called subscriber answers the call. SS7 CC CONNECT The MSC informs the mobile that the call has been answered. Acknowledge the recipt of CC CONNECT. CC CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE Connected Display that the call has been connected. Conversation Speech The call has entered the conversation phase. The speech path has been setup between the mobile subscriber and the land-line subscriber. Call Release End Button CC DISCONNECT ISUP RELEASE SS7 Disconnect Voice Path LEG: Mobile initiates call release The mobile subscriber hits End to clear the call. The mobile sends the disconnect message to the MSC. The MSC initiates release on the PSTN ide. The MSC disconnects the voice path and also releases the voice circuit between the BSS and the MSC. free Voice circuit towards BSS CC RELEASE The MSC informs the Mobile that it has initiated call release GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Station User Mobile Mobile Network Fixed Network Base Stations NSS PSTN BSS MSC VLR PSTN ISUP RELEASED SS7 ISUP RELEASE COMPLETE SS7 CC RELEASE COMPLETE EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 4) The MSC informs the PSTN that the call release has been completed. The PSTN informs that call release has been completed at its end.Mobile indicates that the call has been released. RR Connection Release BSSMAP CLEAR COMMAND RR CHANNEL RELEASE BSSMAP CLEAR COMPLETE RR DISC RR UA free TCH Call Released Indication Call release has been completed, now the RR connection is released by the MSC. The BSS initiates RR release with the mobile. The BSS i nforms the the MSC that the RR connection has been released. The mobile sends a disconnect message to release the LAPm connection. The BSS replies with an Unnumbered Acknowledge message. The BSS releases the TCH channel. Mobile goes back to the default display to indicate that call has been completely released.

Free Essays on Ravers

Background Name of culture, country: Our project is on a sub-culture group called Ravers. The dictionary defines the word â€Å"rave† as a gathering or party where people, mostly teenagers and twenty some-things, come together to listen to music and dance. Ravers aren’t from any one country in particular. However the first modern raves started in and around London in the late 1980’s. Since then they have grown throughout Europe, United States, Canada, and Japan. Raves are now held in pretty much every city or town, whether it be heavily populated or in the middle of cornfields. Geographic location, climate: As mentioned above, geographic location varies. Raves are held in just about every major city in the United States especially in California, New York, and Florida, as well as Canada, UK, and Japan. Raves are usually held in an abandoned warehouse, a club, a beach, a field, an aircraft hangar or a sports arena. Pretty much anywhere you could fit a massive sound system and a lot of people. Climate varies in all of these locations because they are spread all across the world. Depending on the time of year, climate will vary from location to location. Economy: Ravers don’t really have a set economic system because it is a sub-culture. You don’t have to be poor or rich to be a raver. Raves attract all kinds of people. They can cost anywhere from $5 - $50. Usually the number of people at a rave is unimportant, it can range from 50 people to 25,000 people. The cost of attendance is unimportant too because there are some good raves and some bad raves at both cost spectrums. It has been said that the higher the price is, the more commercial the even and lower the quality. Government/Political Factors: There is no one set government for ravers. The people in charge of raves are most often ravers themselves or ex-ravers. They are given the tile called promoters. However, there are three different types of r... Free Essays on Ravers Free Essays on Ravers Background Name of culture, country: Our project is on a sub-culture group called Ravers. The dictionary defines the word â€Å"rave† as a gathering or party where people, mostly teenagers and twenty some-things, come together to listen to music and dance. Ravers aren’t from any one country in particular. However the first modern raves started in and around London in the late 1980’s. Since then they have grown throughout Europe, United States, Canada, and Japan. Raves are now held in pretty much every city or town, whether it be heavily populated or in the middle of cornfields. Geographic location, climate: As mentioned above, geographic location varies. Raves are held in just about every major city in the United States especially in California, New York, and Florida, as well as Canada, UK, and Japan. Raves are usually held in an abandoned warehouse, a club, a beach, a field, an aircraft hangar or a sports arena. Pretty much anywhere you could fit a massive sound system and a lot of people. Climate varies in all of these locations because they are spread all across the world. Depending on the time of year, climate will vary from location to location. Economy: Ravers don’t really have a set economic system because it is a sub-culture. You don’t have to be poor or rich to be a raver. Raves attract all kinds of people. They can cost anywhere from $5 - $50. Usually the number of people at a rave is unimportant, it can range from 50 people to 25,000 people. The cost of attendance is unimportant too because there are some good raves and some bad raves at both cost spectrums. It has been said that the higher the price is, the more commercial the even and lower the quality. Government/Political Factors: There is no one set government for ravers. The people in charge of raves are most often ravers themselves or ex-ravers. They are given the tile called promoters. However, there are three different types of r... Free Essays on Ravers Degeneration X: The Artifacts and Lexicon of the Rave Subculture The dizzying laser lights flashed in synchronicity with the pulsating bass of the music that bounced off the psychedelic warehouse walls. As my boyfriend and I mentally attempted to organize the chaos surrounding us, we pushed our way through the crowd of spasmodic lunatics who contorted their bodies in time with the music and lights. We located a couch in a room covered with cartoonesque, hyper-graphic graffiti. An androgynous man sat himself at my feet and began massaging my thighs, while a girl with her eyes rolled back into her head demanded that my boyfriend give her a massage. Just then the deejay laid his head in my lap, told me he was in love with me, and placed a bitter pill on my tongue. This certainly was the most bizarre method of earning three graduate credit hours I could imagine. So began my two-year ethnography on the American rave subculture. The scene described above was my initiation into the underground subculture where rave kids, typically under twenty-one years old, are given secret invitations to attend private warehouse parties with dancing, drugs, and thousands of their closest friends. Because of my youthful and unorthodox appearance, I was invited to join the then-highly-exclusive underground scene and attended numerous raves in several major cities in North Carolina. Although my chosen subculture was not typically examined by academia, I conducted an academic ethnography of what Maton (1993) describes as a "group whose world views, values and practices diverge from mainstream North American and social science cultures" (747). As a result, I received three graduate credit hours for "supervised research in ethnography" and conducted what may be the only academic ethnography on raves. The American rave subculture is an alternative, underground nightclub movement promoting techno music, synthetic drugs, and teen angst: the discos of the 1990s....

In 1955 Pakistan International Airline Formed Tourism Essay Essays

In 1955 Pakistan International Airline Formed Tourism Essay Essays In 1955 Pakistan International Airline Formed Tourism Essay Essay In 1955 Pakistan International Airline Formed Tourism Essay Essay In 1955 Pakistan International Airline formed. It is the 16th largest air hose in Asia, runing scheduled services to 73 finishs throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, every bit good as an extended domestic web associating 24 finishs. PIA is three stars International Airline. In our study we did SWOT analysis and PEST analysis on PIA, place major strength we find as taking market place, trade name acknowledgment, superior operating construction, web presence, hub airdrome at Karachi, and effectual usage of engineering. Formulation on GOVT regulation, High dependences on rider grosss, high debt, and trust on oil monetary values are major failing, chances are like holding MAX path and fleet, growing demand for low cost air hose, client trueness, switching client demands and industry recovery, and major menaces are high involvement rates, accidents, strong competition by Air blue, involvement and foreign currency exchange rates, and diminution in industry. In PEST analysis we discover major Government s active function in increasing competition in the air hose industry, rising prices rate, turning of societal environment of Pakistan progressive with the new government. Invention in engineering, and its impact on dist ribution and cost synergisms from industry consolidation. We recommend PIA for better service to deconcentrate its direction system, develop SBUs, follow crystalline publicity constabularies, employee authorization to increase the employee motive and moral. Try to diminish its operating expense cost, follow effectual selling policy, two manner communicating and TQM. Upgrade its fleet ; buy new Airplane with duplicate engines these will cut down the operating cost of PIA. Improve control over menus. Hire the services of IT specializers ; better service criterions concentrating on quality. Pakistan International Airlines Introduction: When Pakistan was founded in 1947 it comprised two districts on either side of the sweep of India. It was in this unusual circumstance that Pakistan International was formed in 1955. Despite wars and economic problem, the bearer survived to turn and thrive. Pakistan International Airlines is the flag bearer air hose of Pakistan, based in Karachi. It is the 16th largest air hose in Asia, runing scheduled services to 73 finishs throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, every bit good as an extended domestic web associating 24 finishs. Its chief bases are Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, the Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore and the Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The air hose besides has secondary bases, including Peshawar International Airport, Faisalabad International Airport, Quetta International Airport and Multan International Airport, from which it connects the metropolitan metropoliss with the chief bases, the Middle East and the Far East. The air hose is owned by the Government of Pakistan ( 87 % ) and other stockholders ( 13 % ) . It has 19,263 employees ( at March 2007 ) . AIRLINE INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN: There are 36 operational airdromes. Karachi is Pakistan s chief airdrome but important degrees of both domestic and international lading are besides handled at Islamabad and Lahore. Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) , the public sector air hose, though confronting the competition from a few private air hoses, carries about 70 per centum of domestic riders and about equal domestic cargo traffic. The transit sector histories for about 10.5 per centum of the state s GDP and 27.4 per centum of Gross Fixed Capital Formation ( GFCF ) in FY06. It provides over 6 per centum of employment in the state and receives 12 to 16 per centum of the one-year Federal Public Sector Development Program ( PSDP ) . Government bureaus dominate the sector. Hierarchy of PIA: This organisation is divided into following sections: Human Resource and Administration, Marketing, Corporate Planning, Information Services, Finance, Flight Services, Flight Operation, Engineering, Procurement and Logistics, Customer Services, Training and Development, Quality Assurance. The organ gm of the organisation follows, with the Chairman at the top and managers of sections describing to him. The construction is centralized with the top-level direction doing the determinations. Corporate VISION OF PIA: To be a universe category air hose transcending client outlooks through dedicated employees Committed to excellence. Corporate Mission As a Symbol of National Pride, We Aspire to be a Choice Airline, Operating Productively on Modern Commercial constructs and Capable of Competing with the Best in the International every bit good as Domestic markets. Valuess: 6.1 ) . Customer Expectations: PIA is the most sure name in the industry. The ground of its good will is harmonizing the outlook of their clients that PIA has fulfilled ever. By supplying competitory duty, extended attention, and convenience to their valued and possible clients. 6.2 ) . Service: PIA purposes at supplying valuable and alone services to its clients. They are more individualized and gracious to their clients. The services are valuable and rare ; this is the ground why clients trust PIA. 28 Nov 2004, Pakistan International Airlines Pia passed the IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) benchmark for planetary safety direction The IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) is the benchmark for planetary safety direction in air hoses KARACHI, 22 October 2007 Abacus Pakistan officially launched Abacus Travel Secure with AIG, supplying local travel agents and travellers easy and convenient entree to AIG s travel insurance policies. Available for the first clip in Pakistan, Abacus Travel Secure brings existent clip and immediate activation of travel insurance policies to the Pakistan travel industry with a more streamlined and clip salvaging application procedure for travel agents 6.3 ) Invention: PIA presently has a figure of 43 fleets and purposes at increasing this Numberss to 53 by the following few years.PIA is adoptive to alterations and believe in invention that s create new thoughts and interpreting these thoughts into action. 6.4 ) Dependability: PIA is the most experience air hose with its service with more than 53 old ages. This has built in PIA has become the most dependable air hose. PIA is known for its trueness and consistence. 6.5 ) Safety: The most ambitious duty of any organisation is to supply complete satisfaction to its employees and clients together. This satisfaction rewards favourable and easy on the job conditions. The in-flight services are clients friendly and the organisational the organisational environment is besides employees oriented. 6.6 ) Coherence: PIA has 12 sections working in their ain way and besides provides a figure of services including speedex messenger service, providing etc. The most impressive portion is these all section and services are integrated in a cohesive manner. Servicess PIA offers two types of services. Business Class Economy Class Business Class It s the lone Business Class service that feels like First Class. A comfy place makes all the difference on a long flight. PIA s Business Class Seats elevate the construct of luxury to a new degree, to the full backing your determination to take PIA Business Class Sit back and relax in our sole Business Class Lounges at the Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad airdromes. Our hospitable staff will guarantee that you re good looked after during your stay with us at the airdrome Business Class riders geting at Airport will have a warm welcome from PIA. Our representatives will walk you right through all the arrival formalities so that you do nt hold to stand in line or concern about clearance. Economy Class: PIA s economic system category is besides comfy for rider as Business category. Economy Class offer seats with a 32-inch pitch, adjustable footstools and winglet head restraints for improved cervix comfort. The personal Television provides ongoing amusement including sound and video on-demand picks. Passengers enjoy the same lovingness service from our flight attenders, along with skilfully prepared repasts and a broad scope of in-flight amusement options to take from. Free newspapers are besides provided to all Economy category riders. The PIA in-flight magazine, Hamsafar, is provided to all riders on all international flights. Humsafar was introduced on PIA flights in 1980 and it is published bi-monthly.PIA is supplying its service in 25 citations of Pakistan domestically which are as follows: Giigit Chitral Skardu Saidu Sarif Capital of pakistan Peshawar Sialkot D.I, Khan Lahore Lyallpur Multan Zhob D.G.Khan Quetta Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Dalbandin Sukkar Panjgor Sukkar Jacoababad Turbat Moemjodaro Gwadar Pasni Karachis Gross Composition: Harmonizing to the latest study of PIA, 87 % of gross generates from riders, 8 % of gross generates from lading and staying 5 % consists of others. Fleet Pakistan International Airlines fleet includes the followers aircraft ( as of May 2008 ) Major Rivals: PIA is keeping the first place in market. It has 48 % market portion. Its major rivals are Airblue and Shaheen International Airline. Airblue has a market portion of 35 % while Shaheen International Airline has 17 % market portion. Peoples feel esteemed to go with PIA as comparison to Airblue and others. Latest merchandises by PIA nad qulaity accomplishments: Boeing-777 operating to middle E Flight Barcelona Associating Abu Dhabi and rahim yar khan Flights from D.I.Khan to Peshawar and Islamabad Early bargain cheaper fly Bradford- Islamabad Nov halt! Pak A ; Glasgow Flight from Multan and D.G khan to Dubai Lowest concern category menu paksitan Dubai Connecting Multan and Quetta, Islamabad with Chitral and Nawabshah with Hyderabad. Promoting web fining and SMS engagement, Ticketing bringing at Door measure 9.1 ) IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) benchmark: 28 Nov 2004, Pakistan International Airlines Pia passed the IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) benchmark for planetary safety direction The IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) is the benchmark for planetary safety direction in airlines.A 9.2 ) E-Ticketing: KARACHI, 22 October 2007 Abacus Pakistan officially launched Abacus Travel Secure with AIG, supplying local travel agents and travellers easy and convenient entree to AIG s travel insurance policies. Available for the first clip in Pakistan, Abacus Travel Secure brings existent clip and immediate activation of travel insurance policies to the Pakistan travel industry with a more streamlined and clip salvaging application procedure for travel agents. 9.3 ) 3Star Graded air hose: SKYTRAX introduced the World Airline Star RatingAÂ ® programme in 2000 the Quality Analysis system that ranks air hose merchandise and service criterions, based on professional rating by air hose audit specializers. To accomplish SKYTRAX Approved Airlinea„?A position, air hoses are subjected to a really elaborate Quality rating across all countries of their front-line Product and Service criterions by Skytrax covering all countries that riders will typically experience during their trip. SKYTRAX Approved Airline rating covers over 750 facets of merchandise and service quality measuring, and is split across both airdrome and onboard environments airdrome services based around an air hose s place base airdrome. QUALITY RANKING USED IN AIRLINE RATING SUMMARY BELOW A =A Excellent A =A Good A = Fair A =A Poor A = Very hapless A : :A PIA PAKISTAN INTERNATIONALA : : a 3 Star Airline A A PIA Pakistan Intl Passenger Remarks Home Base Airport Ranking =A Karachi Airport SUMMARY RANKINGA Combined Quality of ProductA / Staff service in airdrome and onboard environments Business Class Premium Economy ClassA Economy ClassA Airport ServicesA Check-In service Business Class Check-In service Economy Class Transportation Services Business Class Transportation Services Economy Class Arrival Servicess Business Class Lounge merchandise installations Business Class Lounge staff service Onboard FeaturesA Inflight amusement may change harmonizing to aircraft type Cabin Safety Procedures Inflight Entertainment Comfortss, Blankets, Pillows, Towels etc Airline Magazine, Newspapers A ; other mags Cabin Seat ComfortA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Seat Guide Seating may change harmonizing to aircraft type Business ClassA long draw Business ClassA short draw Premium Economy ClassA long draw Economy ClassA long draw Economy ClassA short draw Onboard CateringA Business ClassA long draw Business ClassA short draw Premium Economy ClassA long draw Economy ClassA long draw Economy ClassA short draw Cabin Staff ServiceA Business Class service efficiency Business Class staff attitude A ; friendliness Premium Economy Class service efficiency Premium Economy Class staff attitude A ; friendliness Economy Class service efficiency Economy Class staff attitude A ; friendliness Reacting to Passenger petitions Cabin presence through flights Helping Parents with kids Staff Language Skills SWOT ANALYSIS 10.1 ) Strength: . Leading MARKET Position: PIA is one of Pakistan s taking air bearers, with more than 800 day-to-day flights. Around 150,000 riders a month fly on PIA, doing it one of the major operators in the domestic market in footings of rider kilometres. PIA s international market portion was 43.5 % , In the Domestic market, its market portion was 69.4 % . On a system-wide footing, PIA s market portion was 51.2 % at the terminal of twelvemonth 2007.Its strong market place is driven by systematically low menus every bit good as dependable service, frequent and convenient flights, usage of new engineerings like e-ticketing and self check-in terminuss, comfy cabins and superior client service. BRAND Recognition: PIA has high trade name callback. It is recognized by travellers all over the state. PIA is a national air hose, runing rider and lading services covering 82 domestic and foreign. PIA has earned the figure one ranking in client satisfaction. This strong market place gives the company a scale advantage and helps it beef up its trade name image. SUPERIOR OPERATING Structure: PIA has maintained its place as the low cost bearer. It has been first category Pakistani air hose to utilize the latest engineering. Factors lending consists of different series of Boeing and Airbus and an efficient, high-utilization and point- to-point path construction. Flying one type of aircraft significantly simplifies programming, care, flight operations, and preparation activities. PIA has continually achieved high plus use and employee efficiency. Superior operating construction serves as the primary competitory advantage of PIA. NETWORK PRESENCE: PIA enjoys a strong web in cardinal domestic and international finishs. The company s web includes three the major airdromes in Pakistan, every bit good as major international airdrome such as Dubai International Airport. Having a strong web agencies that PIA can bring forth traffic provender for both its domestic and international Flights. HUB AIRPORT AT KARACHI: PIA operates from its hub in Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. Jinnah International is one of the universe s busiest airdromes in footings of figure of riders carried. It is besides one of the largest international gateways to Asia. It is besides the taking international air rider ( and lading ) gateway to Pakistan. The company s strong presences in airdromes with heaviest traffic degrees in Pakistan give it a competitory advantage. EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY: PIA has successfully incorporated latest engineering in all its systems, giving it an border over rivals. PIA takes recognition for presenting most new engineerings to the Pakistani market. It was the 2nd bearer in Pakistan to integrate the c-ticketing system and the 2nd in South Asia to present self look into in systems at the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. 10.2 ) Failing: Formulation OF GOVT. Rules: The Basic defect of this organisation is its consolidation that is centralised system. The cardinal policies, schemes and set of Torahs are designed by the upper direction. The centralised system is one of the biggest obstructions of long term success of PIA. PIA centralizes construction lead to barrel between different degree of direction, decreased motive, difficult entree to information. High DEPENDENCE ON PASSENGER REVENUES: Passenger grosss accounted for 87 per centum of the PIA s entire gross in 2007. Cargo services allow air hoses to bring forth extra grosss from bing rider flights. In add-on, lading grosss are normally counter cyclical to passenger grosss and have lower demand snap than rider concern, which allows air hoses to go through on fuel monetary value hikings to clients. Debt: PIA has a important sum of 42 billion debts. Current and hereafter debts could hold of import effects for stakeholders of the company. For illustration, debt could impair PIA ability to do investings and obtain extra funding for working capital, capital outgos, acquisitions or general corporate or other intents. Debts could besides set PIA at a competitory disadvantage to rivals that have lesser debt and could besides increase the company s exposure to involvement rate additions. Reliance ON OIL PRICES: PIA s sustainability, growing and grosss straight depend on oil monetary values. A steep rise in oil monetary values can earnestly damage the long term viability of any air hose. Recently many air hoses around the universe went insolvents due to lifting oil monetary values. Airlines need to fudge against this hazard by taking proper steps. Opportunities: . HAVING THE MAXIMUM ROUTE AND FLEET: PIA is holding the maximal path and fleet domestic and international finishs web in Pakistan as compared to its Competitors. Route and swift enlargement will positively impact the company s operations by increasing grosss. Turning DEMAND FOR LOW COST AIRLINES: The turning demand for air travel is driven by lower menus and consumer assurance. A study by International Aviation Authority showed that ticket monetary value is the figure one standard for riders when choosing a flight, good in front of the handiness of a non-stop service. CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PIA s frequent circular and trueness plans can assist it retain clients. PIA s Awards+plus ( frequent circular plan ) was established to develop rider trueness by offering awards and services to frequent travellers. Such schemes encourage repetition travel on PIA, as riders seek to accrue the benefits given to regular travellers. This enables the air hose to retain clients and cut down costs, as it does non hold to pass money aiming new clients to replace those lost to other air hoses. Shift CUSTOMER NEEDS: The demands of air riders are progressively altering, as they are going more and more monetary value medium. If PIA succeeds in doing its monetary values more competitory, so the company will be able to derive important market portion. INDUSTRY Recovery: Market analysts believe that the planetary air hose industry will see an upturn in lucks over the following few old ages. This represents an chance for PIA, as it could bring forth increased grosss and bid market portion if it capitalizes on additions in demand. . Menace High Interest Ratess: The past few old ages have seen State Bank of Pakistan impose high every bit good as low involvement rates to look into rising prices and the over warming of Pakistani economic system. Inflation in Pakistan may see another rise in the short-run. Accidents: There had been five accidents with PIA listed as below: Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK 705 was a Boeing 720 040 B that crashed while falling to set down on Runway 34 at Cairo International Airport on May 20, 1965 ensuing in 119 human deaths. Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK740 was a Boeing 707-340C that crashed after takeoff from Jeddah International Airport on November 26, 1979. All 156 aboard were killed. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300B4-203, enrollment AP-BCP, which crashed on attack to Kathmandu s Tribhuvan International Airport on September 28, 1992. All 167 on board were killed. PIA Flight 554 is the flight figure of a Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) Fokker F27 that was hijacked on May 25, 1998. The flight started its journey at Gwadar in Balochistan after arising in Turbat, and was winging to Pakistan s southern port metropolis of Karachi. The aircraft was transporting 24 riders and 5 crew members. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 ( PK688, PIA688 ) was scheduled to run from Multan to Lahore and Islamabad at 12:05 autopsy on July 10, 2006. It crashed into a field after spliting into fires a few proceedingss after takeoff from Multan International Airport. All 41 riders and four crewmembers on board were killed. PIA has to continuously guarantee extreme safety and security of its riders. Accidents can adversely impact client assurance in PIA and consequence in declined grosss escalating competition. Strong COMPETITION BY AIRBLUE: PIA is now viing against bearers such as Airblue and Shaheen Airline. PIA remains Airblue s strongest rival because of the immense market it has gained over clip, strong trade name image and client trueness. PIA has started new low-fares subordinate PIA Express to halt the Airblue market portion turning to fast. Furthermore, major bequest air hoses have been concentrating on restructuring costs, which has improved their fight. With costs restructured, the bequest air hoses are going more formidable rivals in footings of increasing capacity, fiting monetary values and leveraging their frequent flyer plans. Increasing competition could adversely impact the company s borders. Interest AND FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE Ratess: Fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates can hold a important impact on PIA s net incomes. For illustration, as PIA is supplying its services to the UK. Negative or positive effects arise from exchange rate motions as alteration in disbursals. Strengthening of foreign currencies against the British Pound will positively impact PIA and frailty versa. DECLINE IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A figure of factors have caused the current diminution in the air hose industry. For illustration, the menace of farther terrorist onslaughts since September 11 and a autumn in the figure of concern travellers have both caused rider Numberss to fall. These and other factors may go on to impact demand for air travel in the hereafter, which will impact grosss of PIA. The menace of terrorist act may deter people from going by air and could particularly cut down the figure of riders going on international flights. Plague Analysis The macro-environment includes all factors act uponing a company that are non within its control. These include political, societal, economic and technological factors. These are known as PEST factors. A technique of analysis of the macro environment is PEST analysis. Environmental analysis should be uninterrupted waterless precede all facets of planning. Since the air hose industry is really much influenced by alterations taking topographic point in the environment and has undergone rapid and dramatic alterations during the last decennary, this analysis is particularly of import for PIA. Political Factor: Political factors ever have a great influence on the manner concerns operate in the air hose industry and the disbursement power of clients. In recent old ages it has been observed that authorities played an active function in increasing competition in the air hose industry. A figure of new air hoses such as AirBlue and JS Air have been awarded licences to come in the domestic market. Pakistan has achieved some political stableness in recent old ages. If the direction of PIA believes that the present authorities will execute good ( systematically ) , so there will be more investing in the signifier of purchase of new aeroplanes and latest engineering. The over all industry will turn ensuing in more epicurean and comfy flights. With the military coup detat authorities policies have become more broad. Economic Factor: Presently, Airlines industry has three major participants: Pakistan International Airlines, an Airblue, Aero Asia and Shaheen Airlines. Their mark market includes domestic travellers every bit good as Pakistanis populating abroad peculiarly in the UK and USA. These states have strong economic systems coupled with high buying power. Customers purchase behaviour depends really much on monetary values of the viing air hoses every bit good as services offered. As rising prices rate is unstable in Pakistan, passing power of consumers has effected in the long term. In fact growing in Pakistani economic system has resulted in an addition in passing power and has positively impacted the air hose industry. Economically, the new millenary has been extremely volatile ; the September 11 onslaughts revolutionized the whole universe. Consequently, there was a planetary depression in the North America, South America, Australia and Europe. However, in Asia particularly Pakistan the consequence in the short term was otherwise. The economic system began to din because of greater remittals from abroad and whole amount in-migration by exiles. As a consequence, demand for air travel in South Asia rose. Economic conditions of Pakistan are nevertheless bettering. PIA has cost a advantage over its rivals because of its freshly acquired, improved, long distance aircrafts from Boeing which give longer scope and better fuel economic system than any other jet presently produced. This cost advantage is a barrier to entry for new houses. However, this cost advantage will non be important on domestic paths. SOCIAL FACTORS: The societal waterless cultural influences on concern vary from state to state. The societal construction of Pakistan is closely tied. The tendency is now altering as the general populace is educated and is prosecuting professional ends. Customers are more cognizant of market conditions and available options and want to acquire best value for their money. They spend considerable clip and money on amusement hence increasing the demand of in-flight amusement systems. Besides, word of oral cavity has a important impact in the usage of air hose services. Hajj attracts a immense figure of clients. The societal environment of Pakistan is turning broad with the new government. The enterprise to automatize check-in and ticket engagement procedure might non be really popular with the general populace ( even educated population ) is still engineering averse. E-ticketing might besides confront important challenges as consumers are by and large loath to supply their recognition cards information over the phone and the cyberspace. The consumers, nevertheless, have a warm reaction to the chance of less dearly-won but choice service flights. six ) TECHNOLOGICAL Factor: Technology is critical for competitory advantage and is a major driver of the air hoses industry. Major technological alterations are taking topographic point in the air hoses industry with inventions in the reserves and booking systems. In-flight amusement systems and car cheque in counters are two illustrations of such inventions. Internet plays a cardinal function in e-ticketing as consumer can easy reserve tickets or look into the position of the flight. A cardinal issue will be the extent, to which technological promotions ( such as Internet ) impact distribution and cost synergisms from industry consolidation, can countervail upward force per unit areas on costs. PIA has ever led the way of technological inventions by presenting new engineerings in front of its rivals such as its car check-in counters which has helped it derive market portion. It was the first air hose in Pakistan to put in Sabre system followed by the market leader. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES Decentralization: PIA should deconcentrate its construction that would take to the easy direction, increased motive, easy entree to information and declaration of the struggles ( as they would be resolved by the immediate trough clip span would so cut down ) . Since employees issues sing their behaviour would decrease, so it would finally take to more satisfied employees that would ensue in enhanced productiveness of the organisation. Strategic Business Unit: PIA should do its different sections into Strategic Business Unit. Every SBU should hold a defined concern scheme and a director with gross revenues and net income duty. As PIA is a big organisation, so it must be convert into SBUs.Different factors should be determined for the success of SBUs which as follows. The grade of liberty given to each SBU director. The grade to which an SBU portions functional plans and installations with other SBU s The mode in which the corporation evaluates and rewards the public presentation of its SBU directors Transparent policy acceptance: PIA should follow transparent policy that employees should be promoted on merit footing. And Chairman of PIA should be appointed from with in the organisation. Union should back up it, it will actuate the employees and PIA will turn in net income. PIA should non invest new employees till the clip they are needed on the footing of my personal observation at Rawalpindi station I have seen that a undertaking which can be performed by individual PIA had 3 employees for that.PIA should give fillip to the hardworking and competent employees. Employee Authorization: PIA should do attempts towards authorising the employees that is traveling to take to more employee engagement in the determination devising procedure and besides consequence in more employee satisfaction and enhanced motive. Apart from this, employees would experience more independent to discourse the issues explicitly without vacillation. This would besides heighten squad work procedure at PIA as quality squad and cross-functional squads. The employees will work with more committedness and dedication and every employee would work to his/her fullest due to increased motive. However, with empowerment comes answerability, so it is suggested that while they empower their employees, there should besides be a controlled cheque on them to result the right use of power delegated to every employees within their limited bounds. Overhead Costss: PIA should besides cut down its operating expense costs that are it should mange its resources: labour more efficaciously, so that with less input, more out put can be achieved and the saved resources can be utilized in other countries such as presenting more preparation classs for the employees so that the quality of the work force could be increased. Hiring the services of expertness can better the efficiency of their services, so by salvaging the operating expense costs, they can use that money for the expertness services. So by analysing the assorted sections of the organisation and doing the right corrections, it can well better the criterions of Organizational behaviour. Selling policy: PIA should follow good selling policies so that it will convey higher net income and maximal use of its available resources, Business sector should be attracted to run at full potency. Bipartisan Communication: The suggestions of the employees can turn out to be really effectual in bettering the operations, as they are the 1s who manage them. Therefore, a top-down attack should be replaced with bipartisan communications. In this manner, the employees would experience motivated and valued, as they would be included in decision-making Entire Quality Management: Entire quality direction should be catered to within the work groups and execution of assorted skill sweetening plans for quality and productiveness betterments such as Six Sigma should be provided to its executive employees. Other recommendations are as follow: PIA should upgrade its fleet as it s doing the air hose higher operating cost and PIA is incurring loss.PIA should buy new Airplane with duplicate engines these will cut down the operating cost of PIA Airline should concentrate on the client s satisfaction, refund procedure should be promptly so that client remains loyal to trade name. There should be control on the addition of menus, as mediocre are in bulk in Pakistan, and it is extremely hard for to even believe about the air going. Management should believe over it and at least they can get down a new packaged flight twice a hebdomad holding 50 % menus. Unnecessary installations provided to the Government Department should non be discouraged but with drawn as it causes fiscal losingss. Management should concentrate on computerized system up step and execution. Management should engage the services of specialised IT forces for their system development and up step on clip. There should be clear and even distribution of work and merely qualified individual should be appointed on occupations. There should be improved service criterions and that should concentrate on quality. PIA should offer its services of reserve and place verification with by SMS and flight verification message should besides be sent via SMS to the rider. PIA should give more inducements to its frequent circular as it will bring forth more trade name trueness by giving better inducements to the clients. Comparison of PIA with Different Airlines After carry oning the research in the Preston University, EMBA pupils have rated the different air hoses in the undermentioned mode. Properties Pia Air Blue Shaheen Air Finishs 6 5 4 Punctuality 5 6 4 Quality Food 5 6 5 Customer service 6 5 5 Economic 5 5 5 Technological Promotions 5 5 5 Servicess 5 5 4 Corporate image 6 3 4 Entire Points 43 40 36

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