Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War

Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War Abstract The question being answered through a wide range of sources is, to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? A large variety of medical procedures that exist today seem to be newly introduced to the world of dedicated studies to medicine when in reality those same practices have existed previously and simply have taken on more efficient forms than its predecessors. These methods evolved through the concept of rising demands in the community and urge to be able to provide the most efficient and sanitary idea of completing procedures such as surgeries and amputations. This method and concepts were first introduced in the Civil War where firing weapons had become of mass use to the soldiers in the north and south of the country. These weapons caused tremendous number of injuries, most fatal or life threatening. The only way to save those on the edge of death was risking the introduction of surgi cal methods/opportunities of limb amputation. This idea seemed farfetched at the time of existence but there soldiers had no other option as it was a matter of life or death. This essay touches base on many of these procedures and puts into perspective just how dangerous they were even when trying to save the lives of so many victims. Not only were these methods used in the past but they still are to this day in much more advanced forms having evolved to become more prevalent to victims with all forms of injuries, providing the greatest benefits to them. Over time there have been changes in these procedures thanks to the growing knowledge in the medical field brought upon by these early surgeons who sparked the advancement of medical methods of practice. Introduction Today there exists medical procedures that may have seemed impossible to achieve and yet have been created and are being used effectively. These, of course, did not appear spontaneously. Over the course of the decades, the demand for more efficient medical procedures and tools grew as deaths caused by the inefficiency were far too high. Various events and situations influenced these advancements that shaped the future to be far superior. The only question left to be answered is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? From the stench of dead tissue drifting through the unsanitary, swarmed camps to the unglamorous sicknesses of syphilis and diarrhea, our current views towards Civil War therapeutic practices is greatly supported. While progressed or sterile may not be terms describing pharmaceutical practices in the nineteenth century, current healing center practices and treatment techniques owe much to the legacy of Civil War medication. Of the estimated 620,000 warriors who passed on in the war, 66% of these passings were not the aftermath of the actual gunfire , but rather of a injuries that the gunshots inflicted which werent always lethal. Treating the armies of injured officers pushed Americans to reexamine their speculations on wellbeing and create effective practices to tend to those debilitated and injured. Toward the start of the Civil War, medical equipment and learning was barely up to par with the difficulties postured by the injuries, contaminations and ailments which tormented thousa nds of soldiers on both sides. Diseases like diarrhea, typhoid fever, pneumonia, mumps, measles and tuberculosis spread among the inadequately sterilized camps, were brought on effectively and were debilitated by the injuries and diets. Furthermore, armed forces at first attempted to productively tend to and transport their injured, accidentally giving up more lives to insignificant disruption. For therapeutic specialists in the field during the Civil War, sterile (clean) medicinal practices, proper equipment, and composed hospitalization frameworks were essentially obscure. Medical preparation was barely developing out of the chivalrous time, a period where doctors upheld phlebotomy, cleansing, rankling (or a mix of every one of the three) to rebalance the humors of the body and cure the debilitated. Doctors were additionally regularly urged to treat illnesses like syphilis with mercury, a harmful treatment, no doubt. These forceful cures of the chivalrous time were regularly more awful than patients illnesses themselves; the individuals who defeated disease after the war owed their recuperations to the creativity of contemporary pharmaceuticals than to coarseness and possibility. Fortune was an irregularity in camps where poor sanitation, awful cleanliness and eating regimen reared illness, disease, and passing. Where? The South was the side of the nation most influenced where vast majority of the Civil War battles were fought. The country was a fiasco after the war was thought to be over. It became known as the war where a nation turned on itself. Subjection, states rights, sparing issues and numerous different reasons prompted the grisly war. The North consisted of the countrys industrialized businesses, such as factories with production lines, shops, and so forth. While the opposing South consisted of a horticulture based economy. The South, comprised of many slaves, made greater parts of the agriculture in the entire nation. A large portion of the North was against slavery which was a primary reason the Civil War occurred. Every side needed to developed improvements in hopes of being triumphant, yet both sides additionally knew there would only be one winning side. Evidence shows that one of the reasons of war starting was the race of President Abraham Lincoln. Both the North and South realized that with this race the North would have an upper edge politically in winning this war. In spite the reality of what appeared to be a straightforward contradiction, the war was and will dependably be one of the bloodiest in the historical downfall of the United States yielding a mind-boggling number of around six hundred twenty thousand losses bringing our country to where it stands today (Civil War Medicine, n.d.). Many inquiries are left unanswered like, How might our U.S. look today if the South had won this war? or Would servitude and slavery still exist today? and various others which will remain dependably open without answers since there is nothing available to come to a conclusion. The concentration of this paper is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? It wasnt the bullets themselves In present day times its believed that the worst part of the war were the violent fights in which more lives were lost from injuries, contaminations, and numerous infections rather than the ammunition itself. Despite the fact that the aggregate number of passings from both sides joined was about six hundred and twenty thousand, shockingly more than four hundred thousand of them werent from the battles itself. However, infections and other health issues existed all throughout the Civil War. There are a wide range of factors for every one of the passings of the deceased soldiers that had nothing to do with the fights. As one probably are aware, the innovation that was accessible amid the season of the war was not as cutting edge as the world has today where one knows fundamentally every illness along with the cures. Amid the Civil War time there was no comprehension of contaminations and little done for the counteractive action of them. Before germicides and anti-toxins, a minor injury was commonly lethal (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, a.n.d.). As clarified in time recently, a larger number of passings were created by lethal illnesses than shots albeit a few discharges led to contaminations or maladies. Reasons for these deadly illnesses were poor cleanliness in camps of the regiments, absence of proper hospitals, absence of safe housing and legitimate attire, deficiency of sustenance and water, and swarmed camps. These made a lethal blend where infections could easily build up an illness. Regardless of the possibility that there was bare comprehension of these lethal illnesses, a group called the Sanitary Commission formed in order to instruct the Union armed force on legitimate sanitation systems with an end goal to attempt to keep these passings from occurring. A few men wouldnt fret the alerts of the Commission and proceeded with the typical methods of their days in the unsanitary camps. This gathering additionally endeavored to change the methodology for harmed men so they would be more sterile and progressed than what they were. One specialist soon started prompting men in the armed force to avoid greasy sustenances and eating at customary time of day. Men did not focus on the doctors notices and continued with their eating regimens and propensities which comprised of overwhelming, greasy, salty meats, very few vegetables, and unpredictable planning and extent of nourishments or dishes at a wide range of times of day. A dreadfully substantial measure of men originated from fights practically consistently or different occasions with wounds of various sorts. The surges of injured got to be distinctly overpowering, and specialists could just stand to spend a predetermined number of profitable minutes per trooper. The greater part of soldiers, if not all, that had genuine wounds in the middle would just pass on from it. Amid the season of the Civil War, the notorious strategy of surgery known as amputation was essentia lly the last resort. It was a quick however a not extremely powerful approach to take the circumstance. Commonly, this aggravated the injury even more than it was before and it turned out to be dangerous. Numerous men trusted it to be the least demanding approach to make the harm less troublesome despite the fact that it was the most anguishing. To decrease this horrendous agony, chloroform was utilized. This fluid was connected to a material and kept over the nose of the patient until he was oblivious to diminish the torment and injury of the removal. Now and again there wasnt sufficient for each injured man that required offer assistance. The clinics would run low on provisions since there was no chance to get of getting them rapidly. This would happen on the grounds that a considerable measure of chloroform was squandered until Dr. Julian John Chisolm created an inhaler. This worked with the utilization of tubes that trickled with chloroform which acted as successfully and just u tilized one eighth of what it did some time recently. Amputation procedures In 1863, Stonewall Jacksons specialist prescribed the evacuation of his left arm, which had been gravely harmed by well disposed fire. At the point when a chloroform-doused fabric was put over his nose, the Confederate general, in incredible agony, murmured, What an infinite blessing, before going limp. (Cellania, 2012) Because of the immense number of injured at once, specialists got to be distinctly used to the strategy and were more capable at removal. Many could conduct a surgery in around 10 minutes. This was an extraordinary preferred standpoint for both sides since most regiments could just hold maybe a couple therapeutic experts within locations. Since there were numerous removals, some days specialists finished with heaps of appendages and other body parts up to 5 feet high (Medicine in the Civil War, n.d.). In the operating tent, the amputation of a very bad looking leg was witnessed. The surgeons had been laboring since the battle to save the leg, but it was impossible. The patient, a delicate looking man, was put under the influence of chloroform, and the amputation was performed with great skill by a surgeon who appeared to be quite accustomed to the use of his instruments. After the arteries were tied, the amputator scraped the end and edge of the bone until they were quite smooth. While the scraping was going on, an attendant asked: How do you feel, Thompson? Awful! was the distinct and emphatic reply. This answer was returned, although the man was far more sensible of the effects of the chloroform than he was of the amputation. (Coco,1995) In spite of the fact that officers trusted that removal was for the better of their lives, it was extremely perilous. They were correct on the grounds that removal spared a larger number of lives than whatever other techniques by transforming confused wounds into littler and more straightforward ones. Absence of water implied there was no hand washing for specialists between methods expanding the likelihood of diseases. Disregarding these odds, a sum of an expected seventy five percent of amputees recovered. Considerably higher rank fighters needed to experience an indistinguishable agony and surgeries from lower class men did. There was no sort of individual treatment for officers, corporals or other higher positions. Removal caused various passings making contaminations or simply insufferable torment, yet it was not by any means the only motivation of ailment and demise of the men in both sides of the war (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, n.d.). Wounds and diseases werent the main ones bringing on the hopeless existences of the men in regiment camps. Nature participated in taking lives (Amputations in Military Surgery, a.n.d.). Amid practice penetrates and walks, men were presented to the brutal climate amid long frosty winters or searing summers. There was no reason to not be in condition for the fight to come. The biting icy of the long winters brought about many troopers to end up distinctly wiped out. The tents they remained in were situated outside and were thin expanding the possibility of disorder among the vast gatherings of individuals in regiments. In the Union Army, for each one man executed in battle, four hundred kicked the bucket of infection and illnesses. Numerous things made deadly illnesses from materials that did not appear to be fatal all alone like microbes, for instance. Microscopic organisms can bring about contamination, malady, and affliction, all with the utilization of germs. Numerous things amid t he season of war conveyed germs. Earth was a quite unsuspected transporter alongside mosquitoes in bogs. On the off chance that an injury is not treated accurately or left untreated by and large, microorganisms and germs may enter which can prompt to discharge. This is an exceptionally unpalatable looking substance that is made in an injury when white cells fight against the germs entering. Ordinarily this could be treated with typical germicide. Earth wasnt the main thing bearing germs and illness. Some living beings additionally contained indications of destructive infections. Flying creatures, domesticated animals, and even little bugs like mosquitoes had the likelihood of being sullied. These deadly mosquitoes conveyed intestinal sickness. Jungle fever wasnt the main dangerous malady transmitted through different creatures. Known illnesses amid the season of taking up arms were measles, mumps, pneumonia, utilization, intestinal sickness, typhoo, loose bowels, the runs, yellow fe ver, scurvy, and venereal infections (King, n.d.). Without the correct medicines or solution, none of these lethal illnesses could be cured and ordinarily, even with prescription, wiped out individuals couldnt be cured. These drugs utilized on occasion did not contain the perfect measure of something or a lot of something else and the specialist or specialist would not know or have the capacity to discover. Different circumstances it simply was not sufficiently solid to battle against the illnesses. Medication amid this event was totally unique in relation to how we see it today. Things were obscure that could have spared many lives amid that time. Reports from specialists, specialists, or whatever other sort of right hand in doctors facilities demonstrated numerous setbacks because of the reason for not knowing how to treat a patient the right way. Bourbon, barony, and strychnine, were utilized as stimulants for revues and circulatory framework. For nourishing backing, meat extrica te, espresso, consolidated drain, dark tea, ferrous, mixes, were utilized as cures for iron deficiency. Solutions appeared like ordinary officer counts calories various circumstances for various medications. On account of venereal infection, calomel was utilized for mouth as salve and connected to injuries or different alternatives would be infusions of silver nitrate, zinc, or chloride of potash, otherwise called potassium chloride. Patients with intestinal sickness were treated with quinine alone with spirits of nitre and potassium iodine. For skin issues a straightforward fragrance was utilized and bromine as an alleviating operator. Chloride was put in wounds for purging or stimulants. In spite of the fact that men would shout in torment, it showed advance in the disease rates now that they were bringing down. Kidney issues were a noteworthy occasion in the war with all the slug wounds in the middle region of men furthermore shots in the stomach. These were treated with spirits of alkali, and potassium. Regardless of the possibility that officers did not have a sickness, specialists and specialists did what they could to avert them (King, n.d.). Unsanitary Sanitation At the point when an officer was gotten the camp with ordinary injuries, they were fixed with mortars with different specialists like mustard or belladonna which was then spread on material or consistent paper to be connected to the skin close by the injury. This came to show that it was so compelling to seal the injuries as opposed to leave the wounds open with the high danger of contaminations prompting to illnesses much nearly took after by death. This could happen quickly with the condition or the unpleasant camps where there was not one thing hinting at a rational soundness. Swarms of flies could be seen bugging in each settlement and doctors facility. The flies were thought to be lethal or simply unsanitary, however it was demonstrated off-base. Flies would store their eggs in open injuries of the officers or different patients. Before long the eggs developed and larvae were conceived. These hatchlings did not bring about torment but rather did in actuality clean injuries of th e troopers by eating dead or contaminated skin. The specialists soon began imagining that these hatchlings could have great advantages in averting contaminations of wounds. Rats additionally worked similarly hatchlings did by consuming the dead tissue left. Before long, many medical attendants and other individuals got to be distinctly sickened in this strategy utilized despite the fact that it was viable as a part of most cases (Bollet, 2002). Who was in charge? Surgeons, doctors, nurses, and even assistants played great roles in the Civil War. These were the people who made these procedures possible. Many lives were spared with their insight, strategies, and disclosures. Individuals in the present say that this was a time where numerous medicines and solutions were found that can and are utilized even today. Warriors were enlivened by these lifelines, as they were known for what they did. Some even accepted the open door when they could and got to be specialists or specialists themselves. Union colonel, Thomas Reynolds, was harmed in fight, which lead to having to go through amputation.. Reynolds survived removal and later turned into an educator of surgery and afterward remarked on the act of pointing the finger at specialists for performing numerous superfluous removals which individuals accepted brought on more loss of lives than there ought to have been while others concur it was ideal to endeavor of sparing lives (Bollet, 2001). Specia lists who concurred said that they spared lives and inability to perform important removal made potential outcomes of deadly disease. There was truly no other decision for the men in both sides of the armed force or the specialists themselves since removal was the main surgery accessible. In the North, over a sum of thirty thousand removals were finished with an expected same sum for the Confederates situated in the South. Real surgery was uncommon in light of the fact that disease was all the time a case trailing it. Accordingly, somewhere around 1836 and 1846, a sum of thirty nine surgical strategies were performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In the initial 10 years after the introduction of anesthesia, 1847 through 1857, the yearly normal was around one hundred and eighty five, of which 60% were removals. Indeed, even with innovation and medication advancing, surgery was still occasionally utilized or performed. Regardless of the possibility that surgery was important, never was the belly or mid-section of a man opened amid the system. Many of the surgeons in the Civil War had never witnessed a major amputation when they joined the regiments and very few of them had treated gunshot wounds. (Bollet, 2006) Statistics A normal of two thousand four hundred twenty seven methods was done every year at the doctors facility somewhere around 1894 and 1904, yet by 1914 this expanded to more than four thousand. Numerous Civil War specialists that partook in therapeutic techniques on men in the armed forces lived to see improvements and progressions long after the war. These individuals saw and saw the absence of arrangement for treating vast quantities of injured men that they got after fights. Numerous more lives could have been spared considering the way that there were more progressions in restorative methods before long. Around a quarter century of patients were lost altogether from not having the capacity to recuperate after their surgery. In spite of the absence of arrangement for therapeutic strategies amid the war, Union specialists treated more than four hundred thousand injured men of whom an expected two hundred forty five thousand of them were injured from firearm shots or other cannons wounds. Specialists depicted the scenes of them men pouring in as awful where bones were standing out, tissue was gone, or possibly the damage was inner and everything looked typical on the outside of the fighter. Operations were performed in no less than four hundred thousand of all harmed cases. As the war seethed on, more specialists started joining both sides of the armed forces in fight for employments. Toward the begin of the Civil War, the Union Army comprised of one hundred thirteen specialists of which twenty four were rejected and joined the Confederate Army. Throughout the war, formal and casual surgical preparing projects were created for new specialists joining either side. These specialists quickly created abilities and information that enhanced techniques. Before the end of the war, more than twelve thousand specialists had served the Union and around three thousand in the Confederacy. Considering the 66% of the entire passing number of infection or disorder, genuinely a huge sum still passed on from the fight shots discharged from both sides. An assortment of weapons were utilized amid the war, which additionally incorporated an assortment of ammo for every weapon filling various needs. A well known ammo sort was the minie all which was a round discharged from rifles and were generally moderate moving. Indeed, even little shots like that could deliver destructive harm. At the point when the body was struck at the bone the speed of the shot did not permit a perfect leave leaving expansive injuries ordinarily. Comminuted breaks were a dangerous kind of harm. This sort of damage happens when the bone is either, broken, fragmented or smashed into many pieces. Ordinarily this would happen when a shot was discharged and infiltrated joints, for example, the knee, elbow, bear, wrist, lower leg, and hip. Be that as it may, shots were likewise discharged and hit in the face zone leaving a change forever. Facial recreation additionally started amid the Civil War. It started when a private was surviving pneumonia however it decimated his face and specialists took a stab at making it look ordinary utilizing plastic surgery. The methodology helped however it didnt look 100% the same, nor was it conceivable to do as such. Today These procedures exist with much greater value and purpose to this day as there exists professions focusing on these specific jobs to be able to focus on the enhancement of the methods of practice to provide the most efficient management of work for the those in need of help. This new procedures have provided faster healing rates, greater chances of survival, decreased blood loss, and most importantly, increased life expectancy. A sum of more than 66% of the passing tally were from malady and infection which is interesting knowing the Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars in U.S. history. The lives of many overcome officers that left homes, families, dreams, and numerous more things, were relinquished keeping in mind the end goal was the attempt of setting the nation straight. These men battled with respect with the idea in their mind that they were doing it for the country, their country. They battled dauntlessly. Tragically, most of the men experienced a long and agonizing injury prompting to a demise they didnt merit. The war finished in 1865 and subjection was at long last nullified however the cost was high. Abraham Lincoln was killed days after by a man by the name of Booth, who was irritated. The Civil War was the most expensive war in American History, and it has remained an important piece of our history, with the goal that we may recollect dependably that fighting within itself, a country is set to fail. Going from wounds and ailment was an additional weight of the war that brought about noteworthy harm on the hearts, brains, and gatherings of all Americans, yet it in like manner quickened the development of arrangement and affected practices the equipped drive and surgeons still use today. While the Union emphatically had the upside of better remedial supplies and work, both sides attempted to fight disorder and improve helpful tend to their officers in the midst of the war. Tremendous quantities of Americas available day restorative accomplishments have their hidden establishments in the legacy of Americas describing war. Work Cited Amputations in Military Surgery Civil War Medical Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. http://www.civilwarmedicalbooks.com/civil_war_amputation.html Bollet, Alfred JAY. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Galen Press, 2001. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. Bollet, Alfred J. Medical Book Extras Maggots and Rats: Natures Surgeons During the Civil War. Galen Press, 2002. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. www.galenpress.com/extras/extras.31.htm Bollet, Alfred J. The Truth About Civil War Surgery. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Truth About Civil War Surgery Comments. Weider History Group, 12 June 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. . Cellania, Miss. Neatorama. Neatorama. N.p., 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http://collectmedicalantiques.com/gallery/civil-war-medicine-and-the-battle-of-cold- harbor>. Civil War Medicine. Civil War Medicine. N.p., 2003-2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . Coco, Gregory A. A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg : The Aftermath of a Battle. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995. Print. King, Janet. Vermont Civil War. Vermont Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Medicine in the Civil War. American Civil War Medical and Surgical History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. .

Jollibee Case Analysis Essay

Executive Summary Jollibee Food Corporation is a Filipino fast food brand that opened in 1975 and has been on the path of expansion since then. IT capitalised on the changes that came its way to fight the competition from brands like McDonalds and KFC. The case highlights the global expansion strategy that they followed backfired due to which they had to consider revamping their strategies. The company has an opportunity in Papua New Guinea, California and Hong Kong but before taking that decision they need to work upon their previous issues to ensure the success in these countries. Till now the firm is being operating in two parallel organisations with no cooperation and coordination among the two which has resulted in chaos and a strained relation between the two. We have through this case analysis provided a complete picture of the Jollibee operations along with the strategies and the way ahead. An analysis presented that the company is currently in between the internationalization and localization strategy. We have recommended the company to follow transnational strategy that would help them achieve an advantage over the competitors. Industry and Firm level Analysis * INDUSTRY LEVEL ANALYSIS The fast food industry is basically a very highly competitive market that strives on cost leadership. The industry is faced by both international players who have huge finances The industry faces low margins and experiences profits on the basis of the economies of scale. The key to achieve economies of scale is selecting the right location to attract traffic and a highly efficient operation management. In the fast food industry the product offering are almost the same. So what make a difference are the things like the service, providing extra drinks / any other supplementary product with your main product. The profitability depends on the customer traffic, location, operation management. Expansion happens mostly through Franchisees and Joint Ventures, it is very important to attain Economies of Scale to do well in this kind of industry as the cost of all other things as we all know is just increasing manifold. And even then the consistency in the food quality is one of the major area s of concerns. * POTTER’S FIVE FORCES i. Rivalry Among The Competitors: High * As explained in the case the competitor had an advantage in terms of brand name, the profitability, the customer base they had . Also high because of the high standardization in terms of quality, quantity, price, procedures and processes which are similar and there’s competition to get better in these aspects. ii. Threat Of New Entrant To Industry – Low * Due to the high tariff barrier and the advantage of economies of scale, differentiation that a firm gets over time. Also in this industry people mostly don’t shift easily due to the taste adaptation and the ability to trust any other brand quality is low. iii. Threats Of Substitute Product– Low * Jollibee managed to serve their customers at affordable price, good service and the hence gained a brand name eventually, so the threat of a new substitute is low , again because of the ability or nature of consumers to shift to other brand easily is low. iv. Bargaining Power Of The Suppliers- Low * The raw material required for food industry could be sourced from multiple suppliers and the shifting costs are less. v. Consumers Bargaining Power- High * Company depends on the consumers for its profitable business and the company needs to adhere to the consumer’s tastes, preferences and prices as there are many competitors to whom they may shift to. Also the entrants are expected to be less in number, so it is better to suit the needs of the existing buyers than to stand different from them. * FIRM LEVEL ANALYSIS Values: The firm puts the customers as the base of all their operations. The customers should be kept in the minds first and then only any further decisions should be made keeping their needs in mind. The co-ordination between the different teams and the different levels also is considered to be very high. High operational efficiency and a well laid out plan with honesty, integrity as a part of their value system. Feeling of one unit and one family is considered to be their priority as they expanded immensely into various countries and regions. Employees have the art of listening and communicating everything that the customers want. Mission: The mission statement of â€Å"we bring great taste and happiness to everyone† showcases its brand as quality based and high in consumer utility. They stand by their tag line and portray their brand in this context. Vision: 1) Their aim to become the most dominant, quality oriented, quick service restaurant, the most endearing brand that has ever been. 2) They provide FSC excellence in every moment 3) They will lead in product sales all time 4) They will be within the reach of every Philippine Thus the 3 B’s helped attain these strategies which are, boost the standards of fast food industry, build brand satisfaction and broaden their reach to customers. SWOT Analysis: Where the opportunity and threats talk about the external factors affecting the firm’s performance and the strengths & weakness about the internal factors of the organisation. STRENGTHS: * Understanding about the local tastes and preferences * First mover advantage in the home market as they were well established before the entry of McDonalds. * Highly motivated people in the organisation, they were all ready to take up the risk. * High domestic market share due to selection of the best location that is a result of first mover advantage. * The ability to innovate given the understanding of the local people but only in their domestic markets. * Power to give the competitive fight to the other organisations in the same industry. * Good operations management. * Diversity in product offering (after the acquisition of Greenwich pizza) WEAKNESS: * No consensus between the international division and the home division. * Lack of communication between the departments * Bureaucratic structure * Financial condition for expansion. * Lack of R&D before expanding internationally along with the fact that the R&D rested with the parent company. * Biased towards local friends and family while selecting franchisees * Lack of global brand recognition. OPPORTUNITIES: * Acquisition with a brand to get their brand also known amongst people. * Hiring non Philippines managers to get the sense of local adaptation. * Create differentiation by cost advantage or customer experience. * Tap the market with lesser or fewer competition. * Increase the product line to favour the taste of local consumers. THREATS: * Big giants like Mc Donald’s and KFC in the foreign markets. * Increased in the transportation cost and the raw materials cost ‘* Political instability * Mismatch in the ideas of the various divisions * So many failures in the foreign market like that in Singapore , Taiwan * Catering to a fast food joint as it is needs a very strong convincing power due to the shift to healthy food by many people. * Entry barriers for them in some countries * Reduction for barriers in the home country which enabled other big fast food giants to enter into the market. Change Drivers Jollibee’s strategies were derived from a lot of change drivers that the company faced. 1. The first change driver that brought Jollibee Foods Corporation into proper incorporation was the realization that prices of ice cream would double due to the oil crisis of 1977. This helped them start their own food outlet with homemade hamburger recipe of the Tans’. 2. Kitchner felt the need to increase the pace of the global expansion projects as he felt that visibility was the only way to bring Jollibee into top ten fast food brands. He decided to go about a variety of strategies to do so. He started his plan with targeting the expatriate Filipinos in the Middle East, Hong Kong, and Guam etc. But this strategy failed as he realized that not all Filipinos had same tastes. When this strategy failed Kitchner used the â€Å"plant-the-flag† strategy as a part of which he wanted to mark his presence in as many countries as possible. As a part of this they started opening outl ets in every country they felt an opportunity. 3. They realized the failure of their joint ventures was due to the lack of support from the parent company. Tony Kitchner implemented a strict control process of the franchises. He appointed Franchise Service Manager’s (FSM) who were the point of contact between the Jollibee and their international partners. He started collecting their sales data everyday not only to analyze the traffic in the outlets but also to provide consultancy to these franchises on how they could improve. For this they also implanted frequent checks that ensured that the standards, quality, hygiene, customer satisfaction etc was maintained. 4. After the criticism of Jollibee’s operations in Indonesia they realized that they need to act as a world class company and not a local company. They started changing the ambience of the outlets in the host country according to the tastes of natives of the host country people. They realized that not all countries like the same type of outlets and services a s the Filipinos. 5. One of the elements of their 5F’s was flexibility which seemed to be missing in their operations. Their â€Å"proven concepts† of Filipino food in every country seemed to trigger a huge controversy. Kitchner realized the mistake and immediately sorted to rectify it. They started with local adaptation as a part of which they introduced a rice dish in which the gravy changed according to what the people wanted like in those countries like in Hong Kong they served their dish with hot and sour chicken while in Vietnam it was served with chicken curry. This accounted for a very small part of their revenue but this was their stepping stone towards localization. Issues Faced The key issues faced by the company are listed as follows: * Strained relation between the domestic and international wings resulting out of their differing opinions. * Following the â€Å"planting-the-flag† strategy that led to opening up of more and more of outlets to increase visibility even if they were running huge losses. This involved a huge investment that affected the other markets. * Lack of proper research about the market needs, the type of local needs, the potential market, the customer base and the competition level and their reach. * Inability to attract local managers due to the fact that the brand was less recognizable and also as a result of aversion from the international firms. * Difference in the management style and culture lead to a failure of plenty of Joint Ventures. The main problem was the model followed by them. * Inability to transfer its success factors in Philippines to other countries. The reason Jollibee was successful in the Philippines was due to the following reasons: * Catering to the local needs by supplying hamburgers that were spicy. * The commendable operational efficiency it practiced in Philippines that require keeping close tab on operations. * Consistent high quality products and maintaining its share in the market. * Its skills in site selection because of its excessive familiarity with the place. * The large number of stores in Philippines enabled it to achieve operational efficiency through economies of scale. * The case makes it evident that there is less market for Filipino-style food that Jollibee has failed to understand. It needs to localize its menu to attract the local customers. Later Jollibee realized the problem and started catering to the local needs for e.g. their rice dish in Indonesia to suit their tastes. Strategies Suggested The firm as mentioned in the executive summary was in between the internationalization and localization strategies. We have drawn this inference from the case which mentions that what Jollibee wanted previously following international strategy as they thought they can sell Filipino cuisine in all parts of the world targeting the expatriates. Therefore they felt they were faced with very low pressure for local responsiveness. They failed to realize that this strategy works only in case of MONOPOLY but not in case of firms having strong competition like Jollibee. This strategy failed as Filipino food was not perceived the same way in every country and the pressures for local adaptation increased. Jollibee failed to keep in mind the key â€Å"Driver† in the fast food sector is local responsiveness and low cost. Later in the leadership of Tony Kitchner they felt the need for local adaptation and realized that international strategy would not work for them. Low cost pressure was always there as they were faced with heavy competition. Tony Kitchner bought about localization in their offering thereby forcing them to follow Multi Domestic (localization) strategy but the case mentions they were over-shadowed by local competitors who were providing food for lesser cost and better local adaptation. Therefore looking at the above mentioned points we would recommend that the company should follow a transnational strategy given that they face high pressures of both cost reduction and local adaptation. The following grid gives a diagrammatic representation of the strategies mentioned. Implementation Plan When going for multi-domestic as a strategy only a certain amount of flexibility and autonomy be provided to partners. This becomes more of an arm’s length dealing, trust was lacking in the relationships. A holistic coordination is required to transfer core competencies or to pursue experience curves and location economies. This is possible only in a transnational entity. This smooth transition can be enabled by inter unit cooperation, decentralizing the organizational structure and following a geocentric approach. Also to implement this strategy and carry out expansions following schemes of actions must be taken in various functional departments. 1. Operations Plan * Waste reduction (TQM) and Standardization of food items will further help in cost reduction. * Smooth supply chain management system should be put in place to increase efficiency and productivity. * The flag can be planted in regions where people have similar taste buds as strategic business units. So that the menu can be varied according to regional taste. * Once the company starts to follow transnational strategy, location economies and operational efficiency should be taken into consideration so as to reap the benefits of both cost structure and differentiation. * Lessons learned should be internalized, so that lack of operational efficiency problems as in Singapore, transparency issues as in Taiwan can be avoided in the future international expansion. 2. Financial Plan * The relations with franchisees and other associates should be clearly defined and the degree of control of the financials should be clearly defined to avoid future confusions. The ramifications of poor relations are clear in the closing down of many franchisees abroad. * The financial management should be done effectively so as to provide enough budgets for the R&D and associated activities that are needed for the global expansion. * Sufficient funds should be made available for the marketing and positioning activities. * Opening multiple stores at the same time will hurt the bottom line and will increase debt. A Cost benefit analysis approach should be used. 3. Marketing plan * Market research prior to entering new markets will help in avoiding the unprofitable ventures as in the Middle East. In order to compete on the level with multinationals, rather than just being a first mover, Jollibee would have to take its performance to the next step and prove that it could continue to build its competitive advantage. * The focus target segment in every country has been expats from Philippines which has been largely successful. But it should not exclude the local populace of the host nation. Its marketing initiatives should target the local populace and it should position itself as a global fast food brand which offers â€Å"exotic Filipino cuisine† for everyone. * Its core competency should be â€Å"authentic Filipino fast food with good service and quality† * The menu of Jollibee should have a mix of standard food items as well as items specific to a host nation. To achieve this, they should set up R&D divisions in each country and come up with new dishes to cater to local consumers like McDonald’s which came up with vegetarian burgers for India and which was a big hit. * For expanding the menu, economies of scale and operational efficiency should be kept in mind. Items which increase inefficiency should be removed from the menu. * Jollibee should follow a differentiated strategy wherein it should target those markets with high potential with an economy similar to that of Philippines like Papua New Guinea and observe the first mover strategy to capture these markets first. 4. Human Resource plan * Jollibee needs a strong corporate culture, and informal management networks to assist in coordination and control. It also needs to understand local cultures before expansion. All this can be achieved through a proper emphasis on Management Development. An effective MDP can build a unifying corporate culture by socializing new managers and partners into the norms and value systems of the firm. * Jollibee should allow certain level of decentralization of authority for its franchises in other countries for operating decisions related to product, marketing and human resource management. Also certain number of R&D centers could be opened in other countries to facilitate localization of some products. * In order to facilitate cooperation among units the staff members who are required to coordinate with other units must be given training on cultural differences and adaptability in workshops. By adopting this practice Jollibee would support its staff to understand the cultural diversity among nations and different market needs. * Jollibee should communicate the company culture through company conventions to ensure that the company interests are achieved. * Localized training approach should be used to make employees outside Philippine as part of the organization. New Decisions At the end of the case we see that currently they are faced with three key decisions about venturing into three different markets. We give our viewpoints as to which markets would be feasible for entry and on what scale. I. Papau New Guinea: The market as described lacks a decent outlet to eat at. Given the opportunity described by very low or probably nil competition it is recommended that Jollibee open an outlet there. It will advisable for Jollibee to open a few outlets in order to test the feasibility and the demand in the market. If the response of the local public is positive they can slowly increase their outlets. II. Hong Kong: According to exhibit 10 we can see that Hong Kong is second in terms of the per store sale value ($ 571120). This reflects that there exists a huge market for Jollibee in Hong Kong but before setting up another store at Hong Kong they need to resolve their issues there. Their main problem there is inability in attracting local managers. They need to resolve their manpower issues before opening another outlet to ensure that their brand name does not get spoiled because the managers had to pay more attention to the quality issues in the dearth of labour which of the lack of quality which left them less time to concentrate on formulating short term. These factors could tarnish their image in the market. Therefore, first step would be to rectify these problems and then improving the status of the existing outlets. When they feel demand is rising tremendously they can set up more outlets there. III. California: Their venture in Guam was a success showing that the food was liked more by Americans based there. Their work at Guam gave them an idea of how to work in America. They can use their learning’s from Guam and implement them better in California to be successful. A small market research before the venture would be suggested to get an idea of the local needs and the potential in the market. Their plan of entering a market with high Filipino population with less number of competitors, Daly City, could be advantageous for them. From that market they would slowly venture into other areas after gaining a share in Daly City.

Germanys ambiguous role in the eurozone crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 891 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? All through the Eurozone emergency, observers called upon Germany to accept administration. However, Germany has not developed as the sought after developer. As indicated by the issue in question, we watch three unique results: right off the wink, Germany declined to lead; also, Germany accepted initiative, however neglected to convey; thirdly, Germany gone about as a fruitful developer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Germanys ambiguous role in the eurozone crisis" essay for you Create order This article scrutinizes the explanations behind this difference by dissecting and looking at one case for every result: the main money related help to Greece, the fizzled endeavor to build up a super-official, and the molding of the Fiscal Compact. The investigation incorporates unique information, accumulated through meetings in Brussels, Frankfurt and Berlin. The difference in Germanys conduct can be clarified by utilizing a discerning institutionalism model of administration. Germanys rise as a pioneer relies on upon the normal expenses and advantages of driving. Its effect, conversely, relies on upon its energy, the conveyance of inclinations among the performing artists included, and institutional requirement. Although there has been a high demand for leadership throughout the crisis, Germany emerged as a leader only when the benefits of leading exceeded its costs. Once emerged, Germany influenced the outcomes by means of its superior economic power resources. However, power alone does not suffice to exercise successful leadership. The preferences of the ‘followers’ and the institutional environment also play a crucial role. If we compare the super-commissioner proposal with the shaping of the Fiscal Compact, we see that in both cases the power resources and the institutional constraint were the same. Thus, we can affirm that it is indeed the distribution of preferences which accounts for Germany’s different impact on the outcomes in the two cases. Germany did not emerge as a leader; other actors had the chance or were even forced to take the lead. The ECB’s launch of the OMT, the Commission’s proactive role in shaping the so-called six-pack regulations, but also its unwillingness to take the lead in the issue of Eurobonds, could therefore be further cases to test the theoretical model proposed by this article. Indeed, the article 19 not only aimsto explain Germany’s unsteady role as regards leadership in the crisis, but also to provide a model to explain other situations in which collective actors refrain from offering, fail in delivering, or succeed in exercising political leadership. Greece was living beyond its means even before it joined the euro. After it adopted the single currency, public spending soared. Public sector wages, for example, rose 50% between 1999 and 2007 far faster than in most other Eurozone countries. The government also ran up big debts paying for the 2004 Athens Olympics. And while money flowed out of the governments coffers, its income was hit by widespread tax evasion. So, after years of overspending, its budget deficit the difference between spending and income spiraled out of control. Moreover, much of the borrowing was concealed, as successive Greek governments sought to meet the 3%-of-GDP cap on borrowing that is required of members of the euro .When the global financial downturn hit and Greeces hidden borrowings came to light the country was ill-prepared to cope. Debt levels reached the point where the country was no longer able to repay its loans, and were forced to ask for help from its European partners and the IMF in the fo rm of massive loans. TheEurozone crisis has led Germany’s ordo-liberal principles to trump its other longstanding commitment – i.e. to European integration. These two principles are explored in order then to shed light on how they have played out during the crisis. German centrality has created high expectations for it to provide leadership. Exploring hegemony conceptually and in practice, it is argued that international legitimacy and increasing domestic constraints have limited a leadership role. Indeed, it is argued that it is the domestic political situation that explains why or do-liberalism has trumped pro-Europeanism. Ordo-liberal emphasis on stability culture has provided a valuable strategic resource for securing German objectives within the Eurozone while satisfying the requirements of domestic politics. More significantly, defaulting would allow Greece to avoid fueling its internal political crisis by forfeiting its national sovereignty. Much of the political crisis inside of Greece stems from the Greek publics antipathy to austerity. But another part, which would come to the fore under the German proposal, is that the Greeks do not want to lose national sovereignty. In their long history, the Greeks have lost their sovereignty to invaders such as the Romans, the Ottomans and, most recently, the Nazis. After decades proposing the creation of a political union to make the euro sustainable, Germany has not utilized the ‘window’ offered by the Eurozone crisis to pursue this goal. Using the conceptual devices of the ‘Charta list theory of money’ (which states that a monetary union cannot work without a political union) and ‘hegemony’, three possible explanations are explored in this paper. (1) Germany is slowly becoming a ‘normal’ power; (2) The German public has lost its enthusiasm for European integration; (3) Germany remains a reluctant hegemon and once it has seen that France is still not ready for political union it has refrained from actively promoting this ideal. The conclusion of the paper is that the first two explanations have merits, but the third remains more convincing. Berlin is still determined to build a more federal Europe.

Learning Disability Nursing - 1501 Words

A child’s early years of life could be said to be one of the most physiological, psychological and emotional susceptible stages of their development. It is at this stage that the effects of poverty on issues such as, health, social well-being, education, family life and housing conditions have an ever-lasting influence on the child. â€Å"Problems during childhood cast long shadows into adulthood† (Acheson 1999 p.34). The author will throughout the assignment touch on these issues, but in his estimation the effect these issues and particularly education, have on children with disabilities especially learning disabilities are the most under researched and under published and for this reason he will develop this initiative. To give us some†¦show more content†¦to communicate on a level of understanding for a person with a learning disability. Thus, important health education messages are long forgotten by learning disability parents even before the their child leaves the surgery or the ‘professional’ leaves the home. It should be said in support of the health care professionals that empowerment is of primary importance in their philosophy and advice acknowledged can be either implemented or ignored but hopefully whilst the child is under the canopy of the school medical services problems will be identified. The cost of a healthy diet is a major consideration amongst low income affected families and even more so where there is a disability present. â€Å"A 1998 study showed that caring for a child with a severe disability costs an estimated  £7,355 a year, at least three times that of bringing up a child without a disability† (Dobson B and Middleton S 1998). Children from this social group are often given a less healthy diet than their more affluent contemporaries due to the cost of the ‘healthier’ food items. There is considerable evidence that meals supplied by parents from low income families is not offered due to lack of knowledge of an healthier diet, but mainly due to cost and the consideration of wastage. â€Å"Disability creates extra needs: the need for extra ... special food .... These extra needs incur extra costs† (Blackburn 1991). The consequences of an inadequate diet can have severe affects on the growthShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Dyslexia O n Children With Dyslexia Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages Many learning disabilities world-wide are over-looked if a child doesn’t learn at the rate of the other children, but a teacher might assume that the student is mentally challenged. That might not be the case. Students world-wide struggle with the learning disability known as dyslexia. Dyslexia is known for the way it twists words and numbers in ones’ head. It’s almost as if the persons’ mind is playing a trick on itself. 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